Heat budget

Moreno-Ostos E, Marce R, Ordonez J, Dolz J, Armengol J (2008) Hydraulic management drives heat budgets and temperature trends in a Mediterranean reservoir. Intemat Rev Hydro-biol 93 131-147... 

Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D. and Edmond, J.M. (1984) Flow rates in the axis hot springs on the East Pacific Rise (21°N) Implications for the heat budget and the formation of massive sulfide deposits. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69, 159-175. 

A control experiment was performed with an uncoated microhotplate in the gas test measurement setup with the same measurement program and at the identical microhotplate temperature. No changes in the source-gate voltage could be measured. Therefore, the changes in the microhotplate heat budget are clearly related to the interaction of the analyte with the tin oxide. 

The global heat cycle drives the hydrological cycle, which in turn controls the salinity of seawater. The most important contributor of heat to the crustal-ocean-fectory is solar radiation. The flux of solar radiation that reaches Earth is termed insolation. Only a fraction of the incoming solar radiation reaches Earth s surfece, because a large portion is either reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere. That which reaches Earth s surface is also either reflected or absorbed. In the end, about half of the incoming radiation is absorbed by the rocks and water on Earth s surfece. (A detailed heat budget is provided... 

Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing A Missing Physics Science, 267, 499-503 (1995). 

A list of major OAII components includes the joint U.S./Japan Cruise, the Western Arctic Mooring project, and the Northeast Water Polynya project (mentioned above). Among other OAII projects the most notable are the U.S./Canada Arctic Ocean Section and the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project. 

Surface HEat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project... 

Oxburgh, E. R., O Nions, R. K. (1987) Helium loss, tectonics, and the terrestrial heat budget. Science, 237, 1583-8. 

Willmer, P. G. and Unwin, D. M. (1981). Field analyses of insect heat budgets reflectance, size and heating rates. Oecologia, 50, 250-255. 

Philander, S. G. H., and R, C. Pacanowski. 1986. The mass and heat budget in a model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 91 14212-14220. 

Brown R. H., Johnson T. V., Goguen J. D., Schubert G., and Ross M. N. (1991a) Tritons global heat-budget. Science 251, 1465-1467. 

Bergmann, C. (1847). Uber die Verhaltnisse der Warmedkonomie der Tiere zu ihrer Grbsse. (On the relationship of the heat budget of animals to their size.) Gbttinger Studienanfdnger, 3, 595-708. 

Figure 3.19. Magnitude of the terms in the thermodynamic equation as a function of latitude at 10-30 hPa during winter. Note that the largest contributions to the heat budget are provided by adiabatic compression and wave driven meridional heat transport. From O Neill (1980).

Gravity wave breaking also affects the heat budget of the mesosphere indirectly through changes in the meridional circulation induced by momentum deposition. Direct thermal effects have also the potential to... 

Middle atmosphere models calculate the spatial and temporal distribution of the net heating rate Q and the temperature not only as a function of altitude but also as a function of latitude, and even of longitude (local time). Such studies consider the multidimensional transport of heat and the solution of a thermodynamic equation like the one shown in Equation (3.10). The effect of waves should also be considered. Gravity wave dissipation, for example, may play an important role in the mesospheric heat budget. In the multidimensional models, the radiative scheme is often simplified and parameterized the most simple approach is to assume the cool-to-space approximation , in which it is assumed that exchange of heat between layers can be neglected in comparison to propagation out to space. 

Mlynczak, M.G., C.J. Mertens, R.R. Garcia, and R.W. Portman, A detailed evaluation of the stratospheric heat budget, 2. Global radiation balance and diabatic circulations. J Geophys Res 104, 6039, 1999. 

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