Sulfur budgets

Figure 13-6a (Ivanov, 1983) is a depiction of the natural global sulfur budget. Figure 13-6b depicts the budget with natural and anthropogenic sources. Table 13-2 serves to explain Fig. 13-6 and includes the wide range of estimates of various fluxes, and demonstrates the degree of uncertainty inherent in such approaches.

Berner, R. A. (1972). Sulfate reduction, pyrite formation and the oceanic sulfur budget. In "The changing chemistry of the oceans" (D. Dyrssen and D. Jagner, eds). Wiley-Interscience, Stockholm. 

Neretin L.N., Volkov II, Bottcher ME, Grinenko VA (2001) A sulfur budget for the Black Sea anoxic zone. Deep-Sea Res I 48 2569-2593... 

Kouvarakis G, Bardouki H, Mihalopoulos N (2002) Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Tellus 54B 201-212... 

The first report of DMS in the ocean appeared in 1972 (22.)- The authors suggested that DMS might be more important than H2S as a biogenic sulfur source for balancing the global sulfur budgets. Preliminary estimates of DMS sea-to-air flux based on the limited data were made by Liss and Slater (741. 

Pre-Acidification Sulfur Budget for Little Rock Lake. 

The production of volatile reduced sulfur compounds in marine ecosystems and the subsequent efflux of these compounds to the marine atmospheric boundary layer is an important source of sulfur to the global atmosphere (1). Independent of its role in the atmospheric sulfur budget, Charlson et al. (2) have suggested that dimethylsulfide (DMS) also plays a major role in cloud formation over oceans. Oxidation products of DMS appear to serve as sites for cloud nucleation. 

DMS emission fluxes from Antarctic inshore waters may be important for the tropospheric sulfur budget of Antarctica during summer. The contribution of the Southern Ocean to the global atmospheric sulfur budget (ca. 0.2 Tmol yr1) is consistent with present estimates of the total global DMS emission from the world s oceans (0.5-1.2 Tmol yr1). 

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (J]H2S = [H2S] + [HS ] + [S2 ], where [HS ] represents ca. 80% at pH 7.5-7.65 in the Black Sea anoxic interior), is the key chemical compound that defines the direction and origin of many biogeo-chemical cycles in the anoxic zone of the Black Sea. The main goal of this review is to present the contemporary inventory of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur intermediate species, the results of recent physiochemical studies of the bottom convective layer, and to discuss the sulfur isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide and sulfate. This review concludes by presenting the sulfur budget of the Black Sea. 

The sulfur budget for the Black Sea has been considered in several papers [23, 24,74-77]. Sulfide sources are sulfide production in sediments, sulfide flux at the sediment/water interface, and sulfide production in the water column. Sulfide sinks are sulfide oxidation at the oxic/anoxic interface and in the basin interior by dissolved oxygen of the modified Mediterranean water and iron sulfide formation in the water column. 

Fig. 7 Sulfur budget for the Black Sea anoxic zone. The width of arrows and dimension of ovals represent the relative magnitudes of respective processes. SMMW stands for shelf modified Mediterranean water. Processes rates are in 1012 gSyear 1 (modified from [75])...

Berner, R.A. Sulfate reduction, pyrite formation, and the oceanic sulfur budget, p. 347-361, in Dryssen, D. and Jagner, D., ed., "The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans," Nobel Symposium 20, Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1972. 

My presentation here on the global sulfur budget has been very much facilitated as I earlier this year received from Professor M.V. Ivanov a monograph (not yet published in English) with the following title The global biogeochemical sulfur cycle and influence on it of human activity ( ). 

In a paper from 1978 (Atm. Env. Vol. 12), H. Rhode points out that making estimates of the global sulfur budget can be formulated as seeking answers to the following two questions earlier presented in a paper by Kellog et al. (Science 17, pp. 587-596, 1972) ... 

The sulfur budgets of all these boxes and also of the total combination of them will be presented below. 

Fig. 1. The global sulfur budget. (Figures in brackets indicate anthropogenic contributions).

The total global sulfur budget and the transfer processes of sulfur... 

Using the data in the Tables 6-11 and also data concerning the liquid and solid phases and with the application of the model in Fig. 1, the authors of the monograph have finally arrived at an estimation of the total global sulfur budget. It is presented in Figure 2. 

THE SULFUR BUDGET OF THE CONTINENTAL ATMOSPHERE. INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN REGIONS TOTAL MASS OF S 0.145 Tg RESIDENCE TIME 0.5 Day... 

THE SULFUR BUDGET OF THE CONTINENTAL ATMOSPHERE. REMOTE ARID REGIONS... 

THE SULFUR BUDGET OF THE OCEANIC GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE (1980) TOTAL MASS OF SULFUR 0.765 Tg RESIDENCE TIME 1.0 Day... 

THE SULFUR BUDGET OF THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE. PREINDUSTRIAL ERA - OCEANIC PART ... 

Graf H.-F., Langmann B., and Feichter J. (1998) The contribution of earth degassing to the atmospheric sulfur budget. Chem. Geol. 147, 131-145. 

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