Generally recognized

Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recognized, but as many as that have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray. 

L. Ruthenia, Russia) Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. 

It is generally recognized that the flexibility of a bulk polymer is related to the flexibility of the chains. Chain flexibility is primarily due to torsional motion (changing conformers). Two aspects of chain flexibility are typically examined. One is the barrier involved in determining the lowest-energy conformer from other conformers. The second is the range of conformational motion around the lowest-energy conformation that can be accessed with little or no barrier. There is not yet a clear consensus as to which of these aspects of conformational flexibility is most closely related to bulk flexibility. Researchers are advised to first examine some representative compounds for which the bulk flexibility is known. 

Glycerol, since 1959, is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a miscellaneous or general-purpose food additive (qv) under the CFR (20), and it is permitted in certain food packaging (qv) materials. 

The conditions whereby dandmff, seborrheic dermatitis, and psoriasis dmg products are generally recognized as safe and effective and are not misbranded is available (70). Specific active iagredients that can be used as well as the statement of identity, iadications for use, and required warnings, are identified. Products that do not meet all of these requirements are considered new dmgs and must have an approved NDA for the nonmonograph conditions. 

Lactic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for multipurpose food use. Lactate salts such as calcium and sodium lactates and esters such as ethyl lactate used in pharmaceutical preparations are also considered safe and nontoxic (7). The U.S. Food and Dmg Administration fists lactic acid (all isomers) as GRAS and sets no limitations on its use in food other than current good manufacturing practice (46). 

Health and Safety. The U.S. FDA has affirmed R%- and S(—)-maHc acid as substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as flavor enhancers, flavoring agents and adjuvants, and as pH control agents at levels ranging from 6.9% for hard candy to 0.7% for miscellaneous food uses (42). R%- and A(—)-maHc acid may not be used in baby foods. MaHc acid is also cleared to correct natural acid deficiencies in juice or wine (43). 

Health and Safety. The FDA affirmed (R-R, R -tartaric acid as a generally-recognized-as-safe (GRAS) food substance (88). 

Multiple chent studies have proliferated on a world basis since the first generally recognized study of this type done in 1952 on polyethylene by the Roger Wdhams organization. There are directories of available multiple cHent studies that can direct the researcher to a source, eg, FINDex—The FirectoTy of Market Research Keports, Studies, and Surveys. Multiple chent studies can have budgets of 50,000 to 250,000 and can require the equivalent of several work years by the researchers. 

Fermented Products. Fermented meat products such as semidried and dried sausages are generally recognized as safe, if critical points during processing are controlled properly. Some of the sausage processors use a small amount of fermented product as the starter for a new batch of product. 

The potential usefulness of elfamycins as growth promoters and feed-conversion enhancers is now generally recognized. Low original fermentation yields and difficulties in yield improvements discouraged early attempts to develop aurodox ( 1, R = CH ) and mocimycin (kirromycin) (1, R = H) commercially. 

An ingredient used in food prior to January 1, 1958 can be considered GRAS under the conditions of its intended use based on common use in food. PDA prior approval generally is not necessary. A post-1958 food ingredient that is generally recognized by qualified experts as safe, under the conditions of its intended use based on scientific tests, is GRAS by definition and therefore is not a food additive and does not require PDA approval prior to use. 

There are three generally recognized classifications for sulfur vulcanization conventional, efficient (EV) cures, and semiefficient (semi-EV) cures. These differ primarily ki the type of sulfur cross-links that form, which ki turn significantly influences the vulcanizate properties (Eig. 8) (21). The term efficient refers to the number of sulfur atoms per cross-link an efficiency factor (E) has been proposed (20). 

Potassium sorbate, but not sorbic acid, is generally recognized as safe for use in animal feeds (154) and in paper and paperboard products for food packaging (155). 

Sodium dithionite is considered only moderately toxic. The solution is reported to have an LD q (rat, oral) of about 5 g/kg. As with sulfites, fairly large doses of sodium dithionite can probably be tolerated because oxidation to sulfate occurs. However, irritation of the stomach by the Hberated sulfurous acid is expected. As a food additive, sodium dithionite is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (367). 

Salt apphed as equal parts of unionised sodium chloride and calcium chloride at 20 g total per L for 1 h, three times a week, has also been used to control fungal infections on eggs. The salt combination is first appHed one day after fertilisation to the first pick of eggs. These compounds are categorized as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). 

The chemistry, electrochemistry, and crystal stmcture of the cadmium electrode is much simpler than that of the nickel electrode. The overall reaction is generally recognized as ... 

Benzaldehyde is a synthetic flavoring substance, sanctioned by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for foods (21 CFR 182.60). Both "pure almond extract" and "imitation almond extract" are offered for sale. Each contains 2.0—2.5 wt % benzaldehyde in an aqueous solution containing approximately one-third ethyl alcohol. 

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