Indicative budget considerations

What is the price of an EPR machine, and what does it cost to run it We will quote a few numbers, which should be appreciated as not more than ballpark indicators with obvious time and place dependence. The numbers are in euros for no other reason than the author s location. Multiply by 1.5 for approximate numbers in dollars divide by 1.5 for approximate numbers in pounds and multiply by 5/3 to read kiloyen. As a mental exercise, replace EPR machine with automobile to realize 

To evaluate set-up costs we assume that we have to start from scratch. From our previous discussion about microwave frequencies it should be obvious that we want a cw X-band spectrometer as the central (frequently only) facility. What exactly is a complete spectrometer The answer depends a bit on the type of experiments planned, but for all cases the minimum requirements would be a basic spectrometer (bridge + resonator magnet control unit) and a frequency counter. 

A microwave power meter may perhaps be a handy gadget every now and then to check output levels of microwave sources. On the other hand, we have seen that power leveling is used to retain a constant output power over 10000 operating hours (many years), and if the unleveled power has dropped to below the level specification, then the source can be expected to leave for eternal hunting grounds any time now. 

And finally some real good news extensive and sophisticated bioEPR data analysis can be done with the PC on your desk or lap with the software that comes with this book. 

Indicative costs of an X-band EPR facility for biomolecular spectroscopy in k  

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In fluid reservoirs like fhe afmosphere or the ocean, the turnover time of a tracer is also related to the spatial and temporal variability of ifs concentration within the reservoir a long turnover time corresponds to a small variability and vice versa (Junge, 1974 Hamrud, 1983). Figure 4-2 shows a plot of measured trace gas variability in the atmosphere versus turnover time estimated by applying budget considerations as indicated by Equation (1). An inverse relation is obvious, but the scatter in the data... 

The available data from the services indicate that corrosion in weapons systems is the primary cost driver in life-cycle costs (46). Quantifying corrosion is difficult as neither the mechanisms nor the methodologies exist to quantify accurately. Analysis of field data reveals instances where questionable materials selection early in the acquisition process has led to enormous unanticipated increases in life-cycle costs because of corrosion (J Argento, US Army TACOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, Personal Communication, 1999). In view of force reduction and a reduction in budgets, consideration must be given to the selection of advanced materials, processes, and designs that will require less manpower for corrosion inspection and maintenance. 

Based on the product profile a cost benefit analysis can be calculated. Such an analysis helps in deciding whether, under the given circumstances, a potential product is sufficiently attractive to develop and which indication for the new compound is more or less attractive. It is mainly a means to prioritize and to compare the particular development product with other products under development or under consideration. This may be necessary since several development candidates may compete for the same resources, such as personnel, development budget, capital investment and production capacity. 

The °Ne/ Ne ratio in Venus is higher than the terrestrial atmospheric value. This is consistent with a considerable solar wind contribution to the Ne budget of Venus atmosphere as indicated by the high Ne abundance. The Ar/ Ar ratio of Venus also may be slightly higher than in the terrestrial atmosphere and close to the solar wind value, but uncertainties are too large for any firm conclusion. 

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