Budgeting system

In educational laboratories, the consumption of supplies per student should be quite predictable for any given course. The cost of equipment maintenance and replacement, however, is often underestimated. Unfortunately, in a college budget system, the reward for saving money one year may be a reduced budget the following year. 

List and explain five purposes of budgeting systems. 

A budget is a detailed plan, expressed in quantitative terms, that specifies how resources will be acquired and used during a specified period of time. The procedures used to develop a budget constitute a budgeting system. Budgeting systems have five primary purposes. 

The master budget, the principal output of a budgeting system, is a comprehensive profit plan that ties together all phases of a pharmacy s operations. The master budget consists of many separate budgets, or schedules, that are interdependent. Figure 18-1 portrays these interrelationships in a flowchart. 

The budget is a key tool for planning, control, and decision making in virtually every organization. Budgeting systems are used to force planning, to facilitate communication and coordination, to allocate resources, to control profit and operations, and to evaluate performance and provide incentives. Various types of budgets are used to accomplish these objectives. 

Second, many public hospitals run a yearly budget system. This system requires that all income and spending must balance within each fiscal year (from April to March the following year). It is often the case that the hospital refuses to refund study cost even if the recruitment rate of the hospital is very low at the end of each fiscal year. The sponsors have accepted this, as the required number of patients at each centre was low. However, the new calculation system doubled or tripled the study costs and, with an increased number of patients to be recruited at each centre, this yearly budget system became a major concern to the sponsors. 

It is essential that impressed current cathodic protection systems are properly maintained. This usually means that a budget system of training for personnel and maintenance schedule is developed by the client, engineer, corrosion specialist and contractor at the initial design and specification stage. 

How does the budget system operate and what are its time frames (fiscal year, planning) ... 

Cut through the complexities Work the system in your favour Don t pay a penny more than you have to Written for anyone who has to deal with personal tax, this up-to-date and concise new handbook includes all the important changes in this year s budget. 

In recent years, the rapid development of low-budget 3D-capablc graphics cards makes it possible to visualize molecular models with standard PC systems. Some molecular modeling software, which was once available only for workstations, is now also offered for PCs [198]. 

Several excellent print collections of spectra are available but are beyond the budgets of most col lege libraries Fortunately vast numbers of NMR IR and mass spectra are freely accessible via the Spectral Data Base System (SDBS) maintained by the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology at... 

Table 10 itemizes the specific four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industries considered to be secondary timber products manufacturers. For more information on the SIC system, see Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (119). 

L. A. Gordon and G. E. Piuches, Improving Capital Budgeting A Dedsion Support System Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1984. 

The above data is useful in comparing alternative systems and for order of magnitude investment values. However, for capital and other budgets, recent actual quotations from manufacturers should always he used. 

The following flowsheet represents the simplest connections combined with good, inexpensive manual regulation required to execute valid experiments. This is the recommended minimum starting installation that can be expanded and made more sophisticated as need and budgets permit. The other extreme, a fully computer controlled and evaluated system that can be run without personnel will be shown later. The concepts, mentioned in Chapter 3, are applied here for the practical execution of experiments in recycle reactors. 

Flare Systems. There is a good chance that the operating company will not have anyone experienced in flare system design. For feasibility cost estimates, rough estimates can be made by comparison with existing plants or a vendor can be contacted for budget cost estimates for the flare stacks and associated knockout drum, burner tip, igniter, and molecular seal. 

Total system cost is consistent with budget capabilities of user ... 

Wastewater treatment assistance. Software includes Data Handling System, Lab Dench File, Lab Stock Inventory, Scheduled Work System, Unscheduled Work System, Facility Stock Inventory, Tool Record System, Personnel Record System, Budget Control System, Equipment Record System, and Industrial Pretreaiment File. 

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