Russia

In Russia, the first set of oil wells was drilled in Kuban in 1864. In 1866, one of the wells produced a petroleum fountain with a volume of more than 1,300 barrels per day, Then, the extraction of petroleum was conducted by the main monopolies that were dependent on foreign capital. There was not much mechani- 

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Address Ulansky Pereulok 26 103045 Moscow Russia Phone +7 95 232 3168 E-mail info yukos.com Web site www.yukos.com 

The majority of magnesite production in Russia is situated around Satka, Ufa Province, in the southern Urals. The magnesite is contained in 14 bodies within two parallel series of lenses forming a belt some 5 miles long. The belt is composed of late Precambrian to Cambrian dolomite, marl, sandstone, slate, and phyllite some 300-500 m thick. The individual magnesite bodies are up to 2000 m in length. 

There are 11 reported brucite-bearing deposits in Russia. The Kuldurskoye deposit is the world s second largest brucite deposit and the only one currently being exploited in Russia. Proven ore reserves are about 38 Mt with magnesium hydroxide content of up to 65%. 

During his researches into the history of the theory of the relationship between colour and constitution of organic compounds,167 168 Dahne has examined the contributions of W. A. Ismailsky (1885-1973), whose career (mainly in Moscow) spanned both the closing years of pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet period.169170 Ismailsky appears to have been one of those who anticipated the theory of resonance in connection with the structures of aromatic molecules. This was in his thesis at the Technical University of Dresden in 1913, where he had worked under the direction of Walter Koenig. 

Finally, we will mention a paper171 in English that deals with historical aspects of the Markovnikov Rule for the orientation of addition of an unsymmetrical reagent to C=C. The origins of this rule can hardly be deemed to be part of physical organic chemistry, but the rule has of course been of great significance in the development of various aspects of the subject. 

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L. Kroutikova - Novolipetsk Iron Steel. J.O. Shashenkova - Central Research Inst.. Russia. V.N. Fishev, Mariupolsky Iron Steel, Ukraine. 

Recently, series of computerized defectoscopes AUGUR for inspected area image reconstruction have been developed in Russia in the framework of RF Minatom program. One of them is device with coherent data processing for expert inspection named AUGUR 4.2 . 

AUGUR-family expert NDE tools, developed in Russia, showed good capabilities of flaw sizing and characterization during on-site inspections at numerous Russian NPPs. 

V.A. Rudnitsky, S.V. Tsarik - National Academy of Sciences, Belarus. M.B. Bakirov - All-Russian Research Inst, for Nuclear Power, Russia. 

FAGCI has the equipment for mass production of computer-synthesized holograms The technology of computer-synthesized holograms is widely used in Russia for protection of precious, authentic, and important documents, such as passports, securities, licenses, certificates, identification cards, etc. 

Our customers include the Administration of the President of Russia, Russian Customs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health Care, the Immigration Service, the Pension Fund, and many important Russian banks. 

V.E. Shatemikov, P. Shkatov - Moscow State Instrument Making and Informatics Academy, Russia. 

The Zond VD - 96 portable eddy-current flaw detector-tester is an original Russian development possessing heightened sensitivity for the surface defects and high inspection capacity. (Russia patent Xs 2063025. All-Union state standard certificate of Russian Federation JVa 2846 of 14. 07. 97)... 

The application of fundamentally new ECT (Russia patent Jf 2063025) has made it possible to provide high-efficiency defect control accompanied by detecting both small surface defects and more rough under-surface defects under non-magnetic metal layer of 7 mm thick, or surface defects under protection coatings, dye, corrosion, hermetic and other type of layer of 10 mm thick. 

Torgunakov V.G. et al. Two-level system for thermographic monitoring of industrial thermal units. Proc. of VTI Intern. S-T conference. Cherepovets, Russia, pp. 45-46, 1997. 2. Solovyov A.V., Solovyova Ye.V. et al. The method of Dirichlet cells for solution of gas-dynamic equations in cylindrical coordinates, M., 1986, 32 p. 

V.D. Naboschikov, V.P. Drankov - Ministry of Science and Technology, Russia. 

N. Kuzelev, L. Kosarev, A. Shtan - RF Technical Physics and Automation Research Inst., Russia. ... 

On Russia territory there are about 100 thousands of dangerous enterprises and objects, comprising about 1500 nuclear facilities and 3000 chemical and biological extremely hazardous objects. The average period of emergency situations is 10 — 15 years for accidents and disasters with the material loss up to 2 billion USDs, and 15 — 45 days, when the material loss is up to 100 million USDs. 

The efforts of the experts from Pivdenny have made it possible for Ukraine to become firmly established in the first three of space powers (after USA and Russia). More than 400 earth satellites developed in Pivdenny have been in space In recent years experts have developed the unique camer-rockets Zenith and Cyclone, capable of taking 4 and 14 tons into orbit, respectively. No other carrier-rockets of this type exist anywhere in the world, so they were selected for the international project Sea Start and Globalstar The NDT experts from Pivdenny have made a great contribution to these development, as practically all the parts and components of the carrier-rockets are subjected to thorough control. 

Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. 

Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, Republic of S. Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by elctrolysis. 

The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, Transvaal, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. 

The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia. 

L. Ruthenia, Russia) Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. 

Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium s separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. 

The acceptance of the name was premature because both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 +/- 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support discovery claims. 

In 1875 Alexander M Zaitsev of the University of Kazan (Russia) set forth a gen erahzation describing the regioselectivity of p eliminations Zaitsev s rule summarizes the results of numerous experiments m which alkene mixtures were produced by p elim matron In its original form Zaitsev s rule stated that the alkene formed in greatest amount is the one that corresponds to removal of the hydrogen from the f3 carbon hav mg the fewest hydrogens... 

Proceedings of the International S olvent Extraction Conference 1988, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 1990. 

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