Russia emissions from

The highest amount of lead transported across the state borders, is coming from Russia, followed by Turkey and Italy. This can be explained mainly by the significant absolute values of lead atmospheric emissions in these countries. About 1500 t of lead was transported from the European Union. It should be noted that more than 75% of lead mass involved in the trans-boundary transport is emitted by 10 major countries-contributors. 

The assessment of air pollution in the Central Asian region is of great significance for environmental risk estimates. Case study countries, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are located in Central Asia and have long boundaries with China, the Asian part of Russia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Emissions from these countries as well as the... 

For WTW analysis, it is a sufficiently accurate assumption, that natural gas mainly consists of methane (CFI4). Compressed natural gas is also referred to as CNG . Natural gas is extracted, processed, transported and distributed via pipeline to the filling stations, where it is compressed to about 25 MPa. Natural gas sources may vary for different countries. Depending on the source (natural gas quality) and the transport distance (e.g., 4000 km or even 7000 km from Russia, depending on the relevant gas fields) the auxiliary energy needs or energy losses, and hence the GHG-relevant emissions can vary. For the calculation of the energy requirement and GHG emissions for the supply of natural gas, a transport distance of 4000 km is assumed. 

The world s supply of rhodium is in approximate balance with demand with erratic releases onto the world market from Russia being counterbalanced by national and industrial stockpiles. These fluctuations in availability are reflected in the spot price, which fell from US 64 at the millennium to US 17g by 2001. The current price in 2004 is US 26 g. Of the 2002 world production of 19.0 tonnes and recovered scrap from automobile catalysts of 3.1 tonnes, over 80% was used as rhodium alloy catalysts for automobile emission reduction. The rhodium component is vital in controlling NO emissions and looks set to increase in order to meet higher emission control standards. 

Surface emissions over Russia are from EDGAR (Emission Database for Global... 

Elevated nickel concentrations in Norwegian wildlife are linked to emissions from Russian nickel smelters. In Norway, nickel concentrations were elevated in livers and kidneys of moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandm) because of atmospheric transport of wastes from nickel-processing plants of nearby Russian towns. In Russia between 1974 and 1992, three species of voles (Clethrionomys glareolus, Clethrionomys rutilus. Lemmas lemmas) were eliminated from the immediate vicinity of a copper-nickel smelter that discharged 2700 metric tons of nickel annually... 

Emission standards are govemmentally promulgated limits on the emission of a pollutant from a process. There are limits on the emission of specific gaseous, vapor, and particulate pollutants from any process and on their emission from specific processes. Some countries (e.g., the United States) officially promulgate and publish their emission standards for new sources for a number of processes and for hazardous pollutants from ary process (Table XI). In the United States, emission standards for existing sources are promulgated and published by state and local air pollution control authorities. Some countries (e.g., Russia) do not promulgate or publish emission standards. 

The spatial distribution of mercury depositions over Europe is shown in Figure 10. The highest deposition fluxes are observed in Central and Southern Europe in the countries with significant anthropogenic emissions and their neighbors. In these countries the annual mercury depositions can exceed 30 g/km2/yr. The lowest depositions were in Scandinavia and in the northern part of Russia (lower than 5 g/km2/yr). Levels of mercury deposition vary from country to country appreciably. 

For each sea the contribution of various emission sources to atmospheric depositions was assessed. It is obvious that the countries with high emissions, located close to the seas, make the highest contributions to anthropogenic depositions. For example, the most significant contribution to the North Sea comes from the United Kingdom (28%) and Germany (16%). The main anthropogenic contributor to the Caspian Sea is Russia (46%), followed by Azerbaijan (22%) and Turkey (12%). Similar information is also available for cadmium and mercury. 

Table 3.10. The dynamics of CO2 assimilation by plants in Russia. The emission of carbon to plants in this territory in 1990 is assumed to be 1.6GtC/yr with the annual change following Keeling s scenario. From Krapivin and Vilkova (1990).

World C02 emissions are expected to increase by 1.9% annually from 2001 to 2025. Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world, where emerging economies such as China and India fuel their economic development mostly with fossil energy. China s C02 emissions in 2007 exceeded those of the United States, and emissions of the developing countries are expected to surpass those of the industrialized countries about the year 2018. In terms of per capita carbon dioxide emissions, the United States is still the "leader" with a 21 tons/per capita/per year emission (Russia 11.8, EU 8.6, China 5.1, India 1.8), and these emissions continued to increase in all parts of the world except the EU, where it has been reduced by 2%. 

From the above it follows that nuclear power is presently the only real and well-organized industry that is capable of generating electric power and heat under simultaneous decrease of greenhouse gas emissions due to nonuse of organic fuel and thus able to ensme energy and environmental safety of fuel-energy complex in Russia and its regions. 

First, the SILAM model (Sofiev et al. 2006) was applied in adjoint mode to identify the potential sources of pollution. It was found that the aerosol peak of May 2-3 most probably originated from the Nikel metallurgy factory (Kola Peninsula, Russia) located about 200 km north from Varrio (Kaasik et al. 2007). Then the SILAM model was applied in a forward mode comparatively with the ECMWF and HIRLAM (FMI) meteorological datasets EMEP emission data on sulphate and PM, sea salt emissions calculated by SILAM, emission model based on... 

As noted earlier, East Asia is mainly a self-polluted region. Only a few countries are affected by remote sources (first of all, by emitters located in the Asian part of Russia and in Central Asia). The most affected territory belongs to Mongolia, where the fraction of sulfur deposition from remote sources amounts to 30%. The sources in Asia affect Eastern Russia, the shelf seas, and the Pacific Ocean. The main source of all types of pollutants is China. Its annual emission exceeds the values of other countries taken together by a factor of several fold (for sulfur and oxidized nitrogen) or by one order of tar (for ammonia). Consequently this country is the most important donor of the acidifying and euthrophic substances in Asia. The relevant recipients are South Korea and Japan. 

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