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Many of the fission products formed in a nuclear reactor are themselves strong neutron absorbers (i.e. poisons ) and so will stop the chain reaction before all the (and Pu which has also been formed) has been consumed. If this wastage is to be avoided the irradiated fuel elements must be removed periodically and the fission products separated from the remaining uranium and the plutonijjm. Such reprocessing is of course inherent in the operation of fast-breeder reactors, but whether or not it is used for thermal reactors depends on economic and political factors. Reprocessing is currently undertaken in the UK, France and Russia but is not considered to be economic in the USA. [Pg.1260]

Biological terrorism is a unique threat because of its dual-use nature, evolving technologies, and political factors. The production of vaccines, for instance, requires the growth and subsequent death of viruses or bacteria. A certain veterinary vaccine facility in Russia is capable of producing 12 metric tons of... [Pg.56]

In November 2003, sixteen countries including non-OECD countries such as Brazil, China, India and Russia, joined the International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE), a global, high-level political interface proposed by the United Stated to foster public and private cooperation on hydrogen and fuel cells. [Pg.12]

Macoun, Robert, and Peter Reuter. Cross-National Drug Policy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 582, July 2002. Thousand Oaks, Calif. SAGE Publications, 2002. This volume is a collection of papers on drug policy issues in many nations. Topics discussed include drug law enforcement, harm minimization, and legalization, as well as the economic, social, and political aspects of black markets in illegal drugs in Colombia, Iran, and Russia. [Pg.139]

When comparing the South Caucasian Pipeline system for Azeri gas with the Blue Stream and the North-South Caucasus Pipelines for delivery of Turkmen gas calculations show that the best economic outcome for the Turkish consumers will be achieved by the former pipeline (SCP). The cheapest at wellhead Turkmen gas supply to Turkey and Europe using of Trans-Caspian Pipeline or the Turkmenistan-Iran-Turkey Pipelines is rather comparable, but the political isolation imposed upon Iran by the USA, and the latest agreement on delivery of the Turkmen gas to Russia make the further development prospect of these projects very doubtful. The proposed co-operation between two gas export pipeline projects the South Caucasian Pipeline system and the Trans-Caspian Pipelines - for supply to Turkey and Europe via Azerbaijan and Georgia seem to be more attractive. In that case instead of construction of new pipeline sections on the Azeri and Georgian territories, a free capacity of South Caucasian Pipeline system can be used. This may result in a reduced investment cost up to US 1000 million. [Pg.20]

At present Russia is the only natural gas supplier to Georgia. This onesided dependency is de facto a monopoly situation that may impose political... [Pg.30]

Storage for security of gas supplies to Georgia i.e. a strategic gas reserve is mainly associated with the difficult political situation between Georgia and Russia, not least in connection with the situation in Chechnya. The existing 2 import pipelines are located close to Chechnya and may be exposed to sabotage and other incidents that may jeopardise the reliability of the gas supply to Georgia and the transit to Armenia. [Pg.209]

There is only one operating gas duct from Russia via Georgia that exhibits technical, economic and political risks. [Pg.410]

At present Russia and Iran are the only suppliers of natural gas to the South-Eastern European region including Turkey and the South Caucasian countries. This one-sided dependency is a de-facto-monopoly situation that may be used to impose political pressure on the countries involved - as experienced by Ukraine and Georgia over the last ten years. In order to improve this situation, natural gas supply from the Caspian region to Europe should be secured by diversification of source, supplier and transit country. [Pg.432]

Surplus Kyoto allowances. The potential supply of surplus Kyoto allowances available from eastern Europe (including the new EU states, Russia, and Ukraine), without the need for specific projects, is much bigger (3000-8000 MtC02eq). The amount made available on terms attractive to potential buyers is subject to political uncertainty. [Pg.20]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.9 , Pg.283 , Pg.286 , Pg.296 ]




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