Ruthenium naming

L. Ruthenia, Russia) Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. 

The Creutz-Taube compound (named after its discoverers), [(NH3)5Ru(pyrazine)Ru(NH3)5]5+ is the middle member of a redox-related series, formally containing one ruthenium(II) and one ruthenium(III) (Figure 1.14) the interest lying in whether the two ruthenium centres are identical, whether the valencies are trapped or whether there is partial delocalization. 

There are more examples of a second type in which the chirality of the metal center is the result of the coordination of polydentate ligands. The easiest case is that of octahedral complexes with at least two achiral bidentate ligands coordinated to the metal ion. The prototype complex with chirality exclusively at the metal site is the octahedral tris-diimine ruthenium complex [Ru(diimine)3 with diimine = bipyridine or phenanthroline. As shown in Fig. 2 such a complex can exist in two enantiomeric forms named A and A [6,7]. The bidentate ligands are achiral and the stereoisomery results from the hehcal chirality of the coordination and the propeller shape of the complex. The absolute configuration is related to the handness of the hehx formed by the hgands when rotated... 

Wave length and intensity of the emission depend on the concentration and the ligands of the coordinated zinc species. The authors suggest that a reverse influence, namely the tuning of the zinc-ethyl bond by the ruthenium complex, may also be possible. 

For example, the substituted aniline Ar-NH2 (Ar = />-CH3OC6H4) reacts with the ruthenium nitrosyl complex Ru(bpy)2(Cl)(NO)2+ (bpy = 2,2 -bipyridine) to give a complex of the diazo ligand, namely Ru(bpy)2(Cl)(NNAr)2+ (57). Upon employing the 15N labeled nitrosyl complex Ru(bpy)2Cl(15NO)2+ this reaction resulted in the 15N coordinated product, Ru(bpy)2Cl(15NNAr)2+, demonstrating that the reaction occurs within the metal complex coordination sphere. When the reactions were conducted in non-protic solvents, these nucleophile-nitrosyl adducts could be isolated. 

Related complexes for ruthenium and iron, namely HRuCo3(CO)12... 

Ruthenium (Ru, [Kr]4 /75.v ), name and symbol from the Latin word Ruthenia (Russia). Discovered (1844) by the Russian chemist Karl K. Klaus. 

For each case we will also present catalytic analogues, namely (1) the activation of methane to form methanol with platinum, the reaction of certain aromatics with palladium to give alkene-substituted aromatics, and (2) the alkylation of aromatics with ruthenium catalysts, and the borylation of alkanes and arenes with a variety of metal complexes. 

Ruthenium - the atomic number is 44 and the chemcial symbol is Ru. The name derives from the Latin ruthenia for the old name of Russia . It was discovered in a crude platinum ore by the Russian chemist Gottfried Wilhelm Osann in 1828. Osann thought that he had found three new metals in the sample, pluranium, ruthenium and polinium.He later withdrew his claim of discovery. In 1844 the Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus was able to show that Osann s mistake was due to the impurity of the sample but Klaus was able to isolate the ruthenium metal and he retained Osann s original name of ruthenium. 

ORIGIN OF NAME "Ruthenium" is derived from the Latin word Ruthenia meaning "Russia," where it is found in the Ural Mountains. 

In 1803 William Hyde Wollaston, a British physician who became famous for his research in metallurgy, mineralogy, and optics, succeeded in extracting a white metal from platinum. He named the new element palladium, after the asteroid Pallas, which had just been discovered the previous year. In the same year the English chemist Smithson Tennant obtained two new metals, which he named iridium and osmium, from platinum. And in 1828 the Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus reported that he had obtained three new metals from platinum mined in the Urals. However, the existence of only one of them, which Klaus called ruthenium, was confirmed. 

Ruthenium was recognized as a new element hy G.W. Osann in 1828. He found it in insoluhle residues from aqua regia extract of native platinum from alluvial deposits in the Ural mountains of Russia. He named it Ruthen after the Latin name Ruthenia for Russia. The discovery of this element, however, is credited to Klaus who in 1844 found that Osann s ruthenium oxide was very impure and isolated pure Ru metal from crude platinum residues insoluhle in aqua regia. 

Ruthenium was the last of the six platinum group metals to be isolated, and was discovered in Kazan (now capital of the Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation) by Karl Karlovich Klaus (1796-1864) in 1844. The original papers were published in Russian journals which are difficult to obtain now, but were published in Western Europe in 1845 [1,2] with a summary in English [3]. Klaus made the metal by reduction of RuOj with H3 and named it Ruthenium in honour of his native land (Ruthenia, Latin for Russia) there are short biographies of him [4, 5],... 

The picture is different for the bimetallic ruthenium-rhodium systems both metals in the presence of iodide promoters and CO give anionic iodocarbonyl species, namely [Ru(C0) I ] and [Rh(CO)2l2] j but the range of I, CO concentration and temperature in which the anions exist and are catalytically active in carbonylation reactions is different. [Ru(CO)3l2] species in fact are extensively transformed at high temperature and low carbon monoxide pressure by an excess of I (i.e. I/Ru 50) into catalytically inactive [Ru(CO)2l4] (v q 2047, 1990 cm"l in THF (JJ.)) (eq. 1), whereas [Rh(CO)2l2] can work in the carbonylation process only in the presence of a large excess of I"" (I/Rh 100-1000) which prevents reduction to metal (12) (for instance at 150 C rhodium(I) carbonyl halides, [Rh(CO) X2]"", without CH3I under a CO/H2 pressure of 10 MPa are completely reduced to metal). 

This report, which was entitled "Chemical investigation of the residues of Ural platinum ore and of the metal ruthenium, occupied one hundred and eighty-eight pages in the Scientific Annals of Kazan University for 1844. In the following year it was published in book form. For patriotic reasons and also in recognition of the earlier work of Professor Osann, Klaus retained the name ruthenium, which means Russia. The white substance which Osann had taken for the oxide of this new metal consisted chiefly of silicic and titanic acids, iron peroxide, and zirconia (37). Klaus also found ruthenium in the osmiridium from American ores (36, 128). It constituted only from 1 to l1/o per cent of these residues and did not occur in the portion which is soluble in aqua regia (126). 

In 1866 Friedrich Wohler discovered a ruthenium mineral. When he analyzed the shining black grains of what seemed to be an unusual platinum mineral which Herr Waitz of Cassel had brought back from Borneo, he found it to be a sulfide of ruthenium and osmium. Wohler stated that this mineral, which he named laurite, presented the first example of the natural occurrence of sulfur compounds of the platinum metals (129). 

Several 7] -allylic ruthenium complexes can function as both a nucleophile and an electrophile, as Watanabe and his co-workers observed. Namely, these ruthenium complexes smoothly react with a variety of carbon-centered nucleophiles such as aldehydes, alcohols, and /3-diketones under mild reaction conditions and give the corresponding allylated compounds (Scheme 22). 

Only a few publications dealing with this subject can be found in the literature. Hydrogenation of diketo esters A with chirally modified ruthenium catalysts resulted in mixtures of syn- and anti-dihydroxy esters C with varying enantiomeric excesses [5], A notable exception to this is represented by the recent work of Car-pentier et al., who succeeded in controlling the reduction of methyl 3,5-dioxohex-anoate at the initial step, namely the reduction of the P-keto group. The enantiomeric excess achieved was, nevertheless, limited to 78% at best [5a]. 

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