Nicholas II of Russia

In 1899, Czar Nicholas II of Russia invited the nations of the world to a conference at The Hague. This conference—and a follow-up organized by Theodore Roosevelt in 1907—ushered in a period of vigorous growth in international law. This growth was in response to several factors, not the least of which was modern warfare s increasing potential for destruction. The recendy concluded Civil War in the United States made this potential clear. 

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family were executed in 1918 during the Russian revolution, as was verified in 1991 and 2008 by DNA fingerprinting. 

Ivanov, P.L., Wadhams, M.J., Roby, R.K., Holland, M.M., Weedn, V.W., Parsons, T.J. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II. Nat. Genet. 12, 417-420. 

He was born in Moscow on May 18, 1915 at the time of World War I. Russia was still a monarchy, ruled by Emperor Nicholas II. Nikolay lived through two revolutions, Democratic and Bolshevik, the Civil War, establishment of the USSR, Stalin s dictatorship, and World War II, during which time he spent six years in the army and at the front. He then relaunched his scientific career from level zero, worked through the period of developed socialism , Gorbachev s perestroika, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a new Russia. His was quite a long and eventful life. .. 

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 1868-1918 - Family Note Originally published New York Doubleday, 1992. 

The Russian revolutionaries wanted to be rid of Czar Nicholas II and the entire Romanov family, which had ruled Russia since 1613. The Bolsheviks had held the family captive, charging Nicholas II with responsibility for Russia s poverty and social problems during World War I ("Romanov"). 

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is published in Russia. Commissioned by Czar Nicholas II, it is written by the Greek Orthodox monk Sergei Nilus. It purports to be a document, drafted by a group of conspiratorial Jews, known as the Elders of Zion, about their plan to conquer the world. Its aim is to inflame the passions of the Russian peasants and turn them against the Jews. This forged document becomes an important source in the literature of twentieth-century anti-Semitism. ... 

On the outbreak of the First World War, Tsar Nicholas II placed Ipatieff in charge of the nationwide chemical industry to serve Russia s wartime needs and to prepare for the eventual return to peace. In effect, Ipatieff presided over the birth of the modern chemical industry in his country. 

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