Markets: Russia

Hexachlorobutadiene is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of rubber compounds (ERA 1982d). Lesser quantities of hexachlorobutadiene are used as a solvent, a fluid for gyroscopes, a heat transfer liquid, hydraulic fluid, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of chlorofluorocarbons and lubricants (ERA 1980 lARC 1979 Verschueren 1983). Small quantities are also used as a laboratory reagent (ERA 1982d). In the international market, Russia is reported to be one of the major users of hexachlorobutadiene, where it is used as a fumigant on grape crops. 

As already noted, sufficient reserves exist in a range of countries within economic reach of European gas markets - Russia, North Africa, Middle East, Caspian, and a number of intercontinental TNG suppliers - to bring sufficient gas supplies to Europe to meet the projected levels of demand. But such imports, far from being seen as the solution to European gas security, are almost universally seen as the problem. A question addressed later in this chapter is whether the historical record supports the contention that increasingly import dependence should be automatically considered to be equivalent to decreasing supply security. 

The demand for sihcon in the 1990s has exceeded the installed Western world capacity. The difference has been supplemented by shipments from China, the Ukraine, and Russia. In 1993, Chinese exports reached 117,000 t, whereas exports from Ukraine and Russia were around 40,000 t (19). In 1995, the exports from China increased to 155,000 t, whereas the exports from the CIS (former USSR) countries declined. The sihcon metal shipped from these countries has been high in iron and calcium and has been used primarily in the secondary aluminum market. 

It can be estimated that approximately 3,000,000,000 of vitamins were sold in 1996. Market growth is slightly higher than population growth, but varies widely by individual vitamin, geographical area, and/or appHcation. The largest vitamin manufacturer is Hoffmann-La Roche. Other significant producers include BASE, Takeda, Eisai, and Rhc ne-Poulenc. Additional vitamins are produced in China, Russia and India. 

Amantadine hydrochloride [665-66-7] (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride, 41), C qH N HQ., (93) is a good example of a narrow-spectmm agent active only against influenza A vims. It became the first antiviral dmg available for systemic use in the United States when it was approved by the FDA in 1966 for use against Asian influenza. In 1976, FDA approval was extended to the use of amantadine for the reHef of symptoms of all influenza A strains. Amantadine is marketed by Du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc. A stmcturaHy related dmg, rimantadine hydrochloride [1501 -84-4] C 2H2 N HQ, (a-methyl-l-adamantanemethylamine hydrochloride, 42), is widely used in Russia to treat influenza A vims (94). 

World carbon black rated capacities are shown in Table 14. North America has the largest capacity. Europe, Southeast Asia, and Russia/Eastem Europe have about equal capacities and Africa and the Middle East have only small production. The growth areas are predicted to be Southeast Asia and the Russia/Eastem Europe markets. The capacities for certain areas such as China and Russia/Eastem Europe should be taken as rough estimates. 

Total worldwide sales of iadustrial diamond are currentiy about one biUion dollars (ca 100 t) per year. They are made in 16 countries the largest producers are General Electric, De Beers, which also has a large stake in natural diamonds, several Japanese firms, the People s RepubHc of China, and Russia. The market is very competitive, and manufacturers are reluctant to disclose detailed sales information. 

Overall, the chlorophenol market is ia decline. Table 2 gives worldwide production figures for 1989, excluding China, India, and Russia. Part of Western Europe s production is exported to Russia for reasons of quaUty. The main producers are brought together ia Table 3 according to the nature of their chlorophenol production. 

Rhc ne-Poulenc, with a capacity of around 20,000 t/yr, is the world s leading producer of light chlorophenols. Excluding the unknown factors for which no statistics are available (China, Russia), the market for pentachlorophenol can be estimated at - 25, 000 t/yr. The principal producers of pentachlorophenol are given ia Table 4. 

As the automobile came to control the market for fossil fuel, the United States increasingly dominated world oil production. From the end of the nineteenth cetitui y to the World War I period, U.S. share of world oil production grew from around 40 percent to over 70 percent. By the early 1920s, there were other oil-producing powers, notably Mexico and Russia, although they could not compete with the United States in the production and processing of petroleum. 

As of 1990, seven industrial-scale plants were operating in Russia (Bunimovich et al., 1990). The first plant started up in 1982. The design of these plants generally follows the schematic given in Fig. 7. Some employ an intermediate heat exchanger, but details have not been published. Designs are marketed around the world by several organizations. 

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