Parallelism in series

Sections in Parallel in Series Plug—Design Material Length Ft... 

Bays in Parallel in Series Gasket Material Pitch in. A... 

The requirement of small structural differences within the series of reactants for obtaining a LFER has its parallel in series of catalysts. Meaningful values of result only when the catalysts operate principally in the same way, that is, when the reaction mechanism is basically the same. This is most likely to occur when the catalysts differ only by minor modifications in the method of preparation or when their composition is only slightly modified by the addition of promoters. With chemically different catalysts the similarity is achieved when the active centers have as their decisive component a common species, for example, protons on solid acidic catalysts. 

Apart from different capacities of pumps, columns and vessels there are other equipment parameters which have to be chosen in respect to the product or the product group to be treated e.g. the number and type of separators, the number and arrangement of extractors (parallel, in series or in carousel mode), reflux systems or ex-proof design. A very important tool is the possibility to generate extract fractions using several separators in series. However, depending on the product requirements the separator types have to be chosen carefully because of their different characteristics. The following separators are available as a standard ... 

These experimental observations call for a different mechanism than that proposed by Okamoto et al. (1985a). This parallel-in-series mechanism considers both in-series reaction steps where OH groups are progressively incorporated in the phenol molecule and in the phenolic derived species, and parallel steps where the phenol molecule is being photo converted in oxidation steps of different strength. This parallel-series mechanism can be justified given the possible existence of a distribution of oxidation strengths of the photocatalytic sites. 

From the mains and our use of batteries, we are well acquainted with the constant amplitude voltage supply. The ideal voltage supply has zero internal resistance. It supplies the set voltage from no load (load resistance oo, open circuit) to full load (minimum load resistance and maximum current). Two ideal voltage sources cannot be coupled in parallel. In series, the voltages are added. 

Fig. 6.15. Detail of part of the CID and signal processor modules showing how the charge pattern in the CID is recreated in the signal processor before TDI is accomplished with a parallel in series out CCD register (in this case with a 3 1 interleave so that three samples can be taken in the time the image moves the distance y)...

Fig. 6.8a and b. The use of CCD registers for TDI. (a) IR active CCD register (monolithic focal plane array with photogeneration in the register), (b) Direct injection with Si parallel in series out CCD register hybrid with IR photodiodes or monolithic with silicon IR extrinsic photoconductors... 

Section 2 deals with the basic terms and concepts used for the reliability assessment, and it defines the behaviour of individual actuation elements. In Section 3, the effect of series or parallel arrangement of elements on reliability is investigated. In Section 4, the special cases of series-in-parallel and parallel-in-series configuration is analysed for a simple 2x2 system. In Section 5, this concept is extended to configuration with multiple layers, and an exhaustive study of 4 x 4 systems is presented. The paper finishes with some conclusions in Section 6. 

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