Russia forests

Chemical engineering in general and chemical reaction engineering in particular are in key position to carry out this transformation. One of the most important sources of biomass is forests, not only the rain forests and eucalyptus trees growing in the tropical areas of the earth but also the forests in the Northern hemisphere, for instance in Canada, USA, Russia, and in the Fenno-Scandic region. The big... 

Medveder, N. 1995. Concentrations of cadmium, lead and sulphur in tissues of wild, forest reindeer from north-west Russia. Environ. Pollut. 90 1-5. 

Model EFIMOD (Chertov, Komarov, 1997) has been applied to compute data on annual increase of wood stock in stems and large branches of main tree types widespread in the forests of the European part of Russia. We assume that these data after some improving and completing could be applied in the national database. As a cartographic layer a generalized version of the map of forest tree dominants is used (Figure 8). 

Table 2. Parameters of wood biomass growth for main tree types in the forests of European Russia results of simulating based on EFIMOD (Chertov, Komarov, 1997).

The parameters related to soil-related, data (to define soil solution status such as pHss, DOM or DOC, SPM) influences on HM toxicity for biota. These data should be either measured (in a few plots only) or simulated since this information is mainly not perennially monitored for forested areas of Russia. Soil pH data (water or KC1 extraction) are more available parameters as depending on soil type. The same FAO soil map with added attributive tables containing soil pH values can be used for this purpose. 

Critical Loads of Heavy Metals Depending on ERA Endpoints The ecosystem characteristics of case study plots in various natural forests of the European part of Russia are shown in Table 4. Critical loads in an occasion of human health and ecotoxicological effects on biota (endpoints) have been accounted. Corresponding critical limits of HM concentration in soil drainage waters are presented in Table 1. 

Table 3 presents the averaged data for the whole forest area of Boreal and Sub-Boreal zone. However, there are definite peculiarities of biological and biogeochemical cycles in the individual ecosystems. We will consider the Spruce Forest ecosystem of the Karelia region, Russia. These ecosystems occur in the wide area of the Karelia, south from 63° N. 

Table 4. Biomass and total ash mass distribution in Spruce Forest ecosystems of the Karelia region, Russia (after Dobrovolsky, 1994).

Table 8. Bio geochemical migration rates of heavy metals in the Spruce Forest ecosystems, Karelia, Russia.

Table 10 illustrates the variations of major forms of Cu and Co in typical Forest ecosystem Podzols of Moscow region, Russia. 

Priputina I., Abramychev, A., Bashkin, V. (2002). Preliminary calculations of critical loads for Pb and Cd in forest ecosystems of the European Russia // Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe. RIVM. Report 259101011/2002. pp. 105-107. 

Priputina, I., Abramychev, A., Orlinskii, D. (2003). Critical loads of heavy metals for forest ecosystems for the European Russia stand-still and effect based approaches//Proceedings of 4th Training Workshop on Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for Air Pollutants Relevant for the UN/ECE Convention on LRTAP in East and South-East European Countries. Sudak, Ukraine (Crimea), 27-31 October 2002. Simpheropol, pp. 55-61. 

When McKinley was assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president at age 42. He is famous for his motto, Speak sofdy and carry a big stick. Roosevelt battled for meat inspection and pure-food laws. Also, he wanted to save the forests and break the grip that big business had on steel and oil. Roosevelt persuaded the diplomats of warring Russia and Japan to make peace. 

Biuk G.Ya., Shutov V.N., Travnikova I.G., Balonov M.I., Kaduka M.V., Basalaeva L.N., 1999. The Role of the Forest Products in the Formation of Internal Exposure Dose to the Population of Russia after the Chernobyl Accident, in Contaminated Forests. Recent developments in risk identification and future perspectives, eds. I.Linkov and W.R. Schell, Ser. 2, Environmental Security, 58, Dordrecht-Boston-London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 343-352. 

Yurganov, L. N., E. I. Grechko, and A. V. Dzhola, Variations of Carbon Monoxide Density in the Total Atmospheric Column over Russia between 1970 and 1995 Upward Trend and Disturbances, Attributed to the Influence of Volcanic Aerosols and Forest Fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1231-1234 (1997). 

Unfortunately, due to the global and poorly studied character of correlation between climate change and vegetation cover behavior (forest ecosystems, in particular), at present there are no reliable estimates of the climate change consequences for their productivity. The problems arising here are just beginning to be studied. This especially refers to the boreal forests that cover 15% of the land area (75% of them are in Eurasia, mainly in Russia). It is in these forests that the intensive gas and heat exchange with the atmosphere takes place. 

Pulpwood also is plentiful in such countries as Canada and the Russia and abundant tropical forests exist in such countries as Brazil. Adequate wood supplies exist in Scandanavia as well. Silvicultural practices in the Scandanavian region, coupled with intensive utilization of harvested materials, have prevented undue scarcity in that geographic area. 

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