Russia helium

Abstract. New results of the Primordial Helium abundance (Yp) measurement by radio recombination line (RRL) observations from five galactic HII regions are presented. The RRL observations were carried out with two telescopes RT32 (22.4 and 8.3 GHz, Medicina, Italy) and RT22 (36.5 and 22.4 GHz, Pushchino, Russia). The results of the first run of the low frequency RRL observations (408 MHz) with the Croce del Nord radiotelescope (Medicina Observatory, Italy) are also presented. 

An estimated 78 percent of the world s helium was produced in the United States in 2008. Other producers included Algeria, Qatar, Russia, and Poland. Nineteen U.S. plants extracted helium from natural gas. Those plants were located in Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), between 2009 and 2015, about nine new helium plant projects are slated to begin work worldwide. Such plants will be located in the United States (2), Algeria, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Qatar, and Russia. 

Figure 22-1 Major natural sources of the elements. The soluble halide salts are found in oceans, salt lakes, brine wells, and solid deposits. Most helium is obtained from wells in the United States and Russia. Most of the other noble gases are obtained from air.

Beauvy, M., D. Gosset, and D. Simeone. 2002. Nuclear borides irradiation damages and helium diffusion. In Abstracts of the I4th International Symposium on Boron, Borides and Related Compounds, St. Petersburg, Russia, p. 13. 

The FAME quantiCtation was performed using a Kristall 2,000 M chromatograph (Russia) with lime-ionization detector and quarts capillary colunrn SPB-1 (50 m x 0.32 nun, a nonpolar phase layer = 0.25 pm). FAME analysis was performed at pro-granuned temperature increase from 120 to 270°C at the rate of 4°C/min. Temperature of injector and detector—270°C the helium carrier gas rate was 1.5 ml/min. Each sample contained 2 pi of the hexane extract. The FAME content in samples was calculated as the ratio of peak area of a corresponding acid to the sum of peak areas of all found FAMEs. 

Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR)", 4th Technical Conference of the Nuclear Novgorod, Russia. 

The experiments at Dubna (Russia) and RIKEN (Japan), and LBNL Berkeley (USA) have been carried out with gas-filled separators. Gas-filled separators (Mtinzenberg 1997 Oganessian 2007) are filled with helium (GSI, RIKEN, LBNL) or hydrogen (Dubna) and maintained at a pressure of typically 0.5 mbar. A schematic view is given in O Fig. 19.8. Heavy nuclei recoil from the rotating target into the dipole magnet where they are separated... 

Industrial production. Commercially helium is extracted from natural gas wells. The richest natural gas reservoirs are located mainly in the United States (i.e., Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas) and to a lesser extent in Algeria, Russia, Canada, Poland Russia, China and India. 

Currently all major quantities of helium worldwide are recovered as a by-product of natural gas processing. Until 1995 the majority of worldwide helium was recovered in the United States (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas), although there is also helium recovery in Poland, Russia and China. In 1995 a major facility came on-stream in Algeria, recovering helium from the tail-gases of a large liquefied natural gas plant. 

Development of the HTGR with gas turbine is underway in many countries. In specific, the commercial reactor project on Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) is underway in South Africa [XVI-ll], The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) concept is being developed in cooperation between the United States, Russia and other countries [XVI-12]. Various commercial systems have also been proposed in China [XVI-13] and the Netherlands [XVI-14],... 

---