Russia cobalt

Cobalt. There is no U.S. mine production of cobalt. Refining of imported nickel—cobalt mattes has not occurred since the mid-1980s. About 1600 t of secondary cobalt was recycled from scrap by 13 faciUties in the United States representing - 22% of total U.S. consumption. The price of the metal was around 44/kg. Most is imported from Zaire and Zambia. Increasing quantities are coming from Russia. Historically, the price of cobalt has been quite volatile and dependent on the pohtical environment in those countries. Cobalt is used in superaHoys, 40% catalysts, 14% paint driers, 11% magnetic alloys, 10% and cemented carbides and other uses, 16%. 

The world s largest cobalt reserves are iu Zaire, Zambia, Morocco, Canada, and AustraUa. Together the ores of these countries contain well over one-half of the world cobalt supply. The richest deposits are iu Zaire and Zambia. The reserves of Canada and AustraUa comprise approximately one-fourth of the world supply. Smaller but commercially practical ore bodies also exist iu Russia, Einland, Uganda, and the Philippines. 

Future Sources. Lateritic ores (7) are becoming increasingly important as a source of nickel, and cobalt is a by-product. In the United States, laterites are found in Minnesota, California, Oregon, and Washington. Deposits also occur in Cuba, Indonesia, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Venezuela, Guatemala, AustraUa, Canada, and Russia (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

For manufacturing of positive electrodes, pastes with the following ratio of the ingredients were applied Lithium cobaltate by Merck or by "Baltiyskaya Manufaktura" (Russia) - 42,5wt%, conductive additive (acethylene soot) - 3,5wt%, PVDF - 4wt%, solvent - the balance. Aluminium foil with the thickness of 0,02 mm was used as a current collector. 

A chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (CCD, Figure 3.3) originally developed in the mid-1970s by Czechoslovakian researchers and later implemented in Russia to remove cesium from acidic solutions... 

The 3.3-cm Russian contactors were used to test a cobalt-dicarbollide-based solvent-extraction process for separating Cs, Sr, and the actinides from dissolved HLW (Law et al., 2001, Herbst et al., 2002). These contactors were designed and fabricated in Moscow, Russia, by the Research and Development Institute of Construction Technology (NIKIMT). They are operated at 2700 rpm and have a nominal throughput of 417 mL/min (25 L/h). Figure 10.25 shows the 26-stage 3.3-cm contactor bank used in these tests. A recent summary of this work is given by Romanovskiy et al. (2005). 

Cobalt ranks number 33 in abundance of the elements in the earth s crust, which contains on average 20-pg Co/g, although soil levels of up to 2000- J,g Co/g are found in Zaire and New Zealand. Significant deposits of cobalt are found in Canada, Russia, Zambia, and Congo, with these countries accounting for approximately 65% of the current total world supply. Smaller deposits are found in Cuba, New Caledonia, and Australia. Cobalt does not exist as the free metal in nature, but occurs in approximately 200 ores, of which smaltite (C0AS2), cobaltite (CoAsS), and linnaeite (C03S4) are commercially important. 

The TJ.S.S.R. has been interested in the synthesis for the past ten to fifteen years. However, in spite of exhaustive discussions at the beginning of World War II an agreement with the German industry was not reached. After 1945 Russia continued the development work in Eastern Germany and also continued operation of a part of the Brabag-Plant at Schwarzheide. Russian scientists have also published papers, particularly Eidus and co-workers (93), on the reaction mechanism of the synthesis. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of the synthesis on cobalt, nickel, and iron is greater than the rate of carbiding. 

New Zealand, Kenya, Russia, Florida, and in Germany s Black Forest, giving rise to cobalt deficiency syndromes in farm animals. To protect sheep and cattle in Co-deficient regions, 1 - 2 kg of cobalt sulfate must be added per hectare every 3-5 years. A soil is regarded as Co-deficient if the cobalt level is below 5 mg kg dry matter only about 6% of the total cobalt present is bioa-vailable (Young 1979). For a description of the role of cobalt in animal nutrition, see Suttle (1999). 

Kara-Kul, Russia/Mongolia Boarder Global Cobalt Corp... 

In Russia, nickel-laterite ores are mined in South Africa, cobalt is obtained as a significant by-product from platinum mines. 

The world refinery capacity was in 2000 estimated at 60000 tonnes cobalt per year [30.4] of which the DRChas 28%, Finland 16, Russia 13, Canada 8, Zambia 8, Norway 7, Australia 6 and China 3%. 

An enormous amount of work has been done in Russia on perchlorate coordination complexes. A very interesting initiative to find green primary explosives among the cobalt perchlorate complexes has been reported by Ilyushin et al. [14]. The differences in perception of toxicity in various parts of the world make direct comparison misleading. Perchlorates, which are not seen as a problem in many countries, are considered unsuitable from the long-term perspective in the USA [10]. 

Experimental work on the preparation of low toxicity primary explosives from the group of cobalt perchlorate complexes has been reported from Russia [26, 30]. The ligand chosen for the complex was corazol —1,5-cyclopentamethylenetetrazole ... 

Theraphathal - octasodium salt of cobalt octacarboxyphthalocyanine. Theraphthal is soluble in water compound. It was synthesized in Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute (Russia). Calcium salt of Theraphthal (insoluble in water) was precipitated from water solution by slow adding of calcium chloride solution to Theraphthal solution while stirring. 

The United States is essentially without ecouomic reserves of a uumber of essential minerals. These include aluminum, antimony, chromium, cobalt, manganese, tantalum, niobium, platinum, nickel, and tin. Domestic reserves of fluorine, gold, potash, silver, tungsten, sulfur, vanadium, and zinc are limited. As far as the United States is concerned, metals of most concern are chromium, manganese, and cobalt. These substances are essential for a modem industrialized economy. Although global supplies are adequate for the immediate future, they are threatened by the potential instability of the countries from which they come— Zaire, Zambia, South Africa, and Russia and other countries in the former Soviet Union. 

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