Physics Russia

Association of Engineers in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Supply, and Building Thermal Physics (Russia)... 

Zhurnal Teknicheskoy Fiziki(Journal of Technical Physics, Russia) Zeitschrift fiir Kristallographie (Frankfurt a/M)... 

Zhurnal Ekperimental noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (Journal of Experimental Theoretical Physics) (Russia)... 

V. Krinski, Institute of Biological Physics, Russia Academy of Science Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia... 

The method of labeling biomolecules with nitroxides was initially developed in the early to mid 1960s, primarily in the laboratories of McConnell (Stanford) and Rozantzev (Institute of Chemical Physics, Russia), as well as others. Since then, spin-labeling has matured into a valuable tool to study local structure and dynamics of complex macromolecules. Over the years, the progress in spinlabeling methodology and applications has been well documented in the literature. ... 

V.A.Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia tsyg photonics.phys.spbu.ru... 

V.I.Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS, Kosygin str, 19, Moscow, 119991 Russia, kubrakova geokhi.ru A.M.Prokhorov Institute of General Physics RAS, ul. Vavilova, 38, Moscow 117942, Russia alimpiev kapella.gpi.ru... 

The analysis was performed by SRXRF at the XRF beam-line of VEPP-3, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. For accuracy control the International Certified Reference Materials were used. There were obtained all metrological characteristics, namely precision, accuracy and lower limits of detections. 

Band gap engineetring confined hetetrostruciutres. When the thickness of a crystalline film is comparable with the de Broglie wavelength, the conduction and valence bands will break into subbands and as the thickness increases, the Fermi energy of the electrons oscillates. This leads to the so-called quantum size effects, which had been precociously predicted in Russia by Lifshitz and Kosevich (1953). A piece of semiconductor which is very small in one, two or three dimensions - a confined structure - is called a quantum well, quantum wire or quantum dot, respectively, and much fundamental physics research has been devoted to these in the last two decades. However, the world of MSE only became involved when several quantum wells were combined into what is now termed a heterostructure. 

Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Rostov State University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia... 

E. F. Vainstein Department of Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cooperative Processes, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia... 

V.Yu.Trubitsin and V.P.Shirokovskii Physics-Technical Institute of RAS 132 Kirov str. 436001 Izhevsk, Russia... 

Institute for Solid State Physics Russian Academy of Science Moscow District Chemogolovka, 142432 Russia... 

While still a student at the Academy, Ipatieffbegan to make a name for himself in the Russian chemical community as he began to publish some of his laboratory findings. His first professional milestone as a chemist came in 18h() when he joined Russia s Physical-Chemical Society. Here he came into close contact with Russia s most famous chemists, including Dimitri Mendeleev, discoverer of the periodic table and one of the founders ol the Society. In 1891, upon graduating from the school, he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Academy where he also continued to undertake original chemical research for his doctoral dissertation. In 1895, he was made assistant professor and, upon completion and acceptance of his dissertation in 1899, he became a full professor of chemistry. 

Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow, Russia, to a family of the intelligentsia on May 21, 1921. His father, Dmitri, taught college physics and wrote textbooks and popular science books. Sakharov studied at home until the seventh grade. Dmitri, a man of warmth and culture, was his first physics teacher. 

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues, with whom I have had the pleasure to work. I would like to extend my gratitude to the brilliant professionals at the Institute of Chemistry at the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Apatity, Russia), Institute of Common and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukraine Academy of Science (Kiev, Ukraine), Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry (Moscow, Russia), Institute of Chemistry of Nitrogen (Moscow, Russia), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel), Chemistry of Solids Laboratory of CNRS (Bordeaux, France), Tan Ceramics Ltd. (Migdal Haemek, Israel). 

In spite of many battles over patent rights, these inventions earned Nobel a considerable fortune, which was increased from his large holdings in the Baku (Russia) petroleum industry. He died in 1896 in San Remo, Italy, leaving a vast fortune, a major part of which established the world-famous prizes for chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature of an idealistic tendency, and the promotion of world peace... 

Faraday, in 1834, was the first to encounter Kolbe-electrolysis, when he studied the electrolysis of an aqueous acetate solution [1], However, it was Kolbe, in 1849, who recognized the reaction and applied it to the synthesis of a number of hydrocarbons [2]. Thereby the name of the reaction originated. Later on Wurtz demonstrated that unsymmetrical coupling products could be prepared by coelectrolysis of two different alkanoates [3]. Difficulties in the coupling of dicarboxylic acids were overcome by Crum-Brown and Walker, when they electrolysed the half esters of the diacids instead [4]. This way a simple route to useful long chain l,n-dicarboxylic acids was developed. In some cases the Kolbe dimerization failed and alkenes, alcohols or esters became the main products. The formation of alcohols by anodic oxidation of carboxylates in water was called the Hofer-Moest reaction [5]. Further applications and limitations were afterwards foimd by Fichter [6]. Weedon extensively applied the Kolbe reaction to the synthesis of rare fatty acids and similar natural products [7]. Later on key features of the mechanism were worked out by Eberson [8] and Utley [9] from the point of view of organic chemists and by Conway [10] from the point of view of a physical chemist. In Germany [11], Russia [12], and Japan [13] Kolbe electrolysis of adipic halfesters has been scaled up to a technical process. 

The authors are thankful to Dr. P. Sadhukhan (Bridgestone/Firestone Research, Akron, OH) for different rubber samples Dr. T. Medintseva (the Semenov s Instimte of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia) for TPV samples Dr. N. Dutta (University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia) for the samples of SEBS filled with oil Dr. Z. Petrovich (Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KA) for PU samples, and NIST/ATP Award 70NANB4H3055 for financial support. 

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