Russia global

The reserves and resources of conventional NG are comparable in size to those of conventional oil, but global gas consumption is still considerably lower than that of oil. NG is found around the world, but the largest reserves are in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East. The proved gas reserves are unevenly distributed around the globe 41% are in the Middle East and 27% in Russia. Global natural gas reserves by countiy are shown in Table 1.9. 

The data in Table 4.4 show the result of global pesticide contamination. These pesticides were never used in the Arctic nevertheless, they were found in humans. It is notable that pesticide concentrations in human blood were several times higher (and in the case of befa-HCH, 17 times higher) in Russia than in Sweden and Norway. 

The most important uranium consumers are depicted in Fig. 4.4. The USA account for almost 30% of the global consumption, followed by France with 16%, Japan with 11%, Germany with 6% and Russia with 5%. 

Nonetheless, Canada, Japan, the United States, and Russia all have active research and exploration programs in this area. As global oil supplies dwindle, using methane hydrates might increasingly be seen as worth the risk and cost. 

Countries in the Middle East and Russia hold 70% of the world s dwindling reserves of oil and gas. Coal is the most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel. Global natural gas reserves are large and currently yield a reserve/production ratio of 50 to 60 years. Nuclear power s share of worldwide electricity supplies has been steady at 16-17% for many years, but reactor safety and waste disposal problems are still matters of concern. 

The worldwide coal production and consumption in 1998 were 5043 and 5014 million short tons, respectively. The known world recoverable coal reserves in 1999 were 1087 billion short tons (AER, 1999 lEA, 2000). Coal reserves are rather evenly spread around the globe 25% ate in the USA, 16% in Russia, and 11.5% in China. Although coal is much more abundant than oil and gas on a global scale, coalfields can be depleted in a region. The known world recoverable coal reserves in 1999 were 989 billion tons. 

In November 2003, sixteen countries including non-OECD countries such as Brazil, China, India and Russia, joined the International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE), a global, high-level political interface proposed by the United Stated to foster public and private cooperation on hydrogen and fuel cells. 

Cherry, Andrew, Mary E. Dillon, and Douglas Rugh. Substance Abuse A Global View. Westport, Conn. Greenwood Press, 2002. This collection has chapters by separate authors profiling the drug abuse situation in Burma, Canada, China, Colombia, England, Erance, India, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, and the United States. Eor each country there is a historical perspective, current developments, and policy issues. 

The United States, a substantial juice-producing nation, is again in the top spot in the global fruit juice/nectar ranking, with a majority 27% share of global volume consumed in 2003. A major fruit juice processor and consumer, Germany, takes second place with a 9% share. Other important fruit juice/nectar consuming nations are China and Russia. Both countries have embraced fruit... 

Hot and dry meteorological conditions in summer increase the extent of observed biomass fires. For example, the summer of 2010 was exceptionally warm in Eastern Europe and large parts of Russia. With climate change such extreme events are predicted to increase and by the end of the century heat waves of this magnitude are expected to occur every decade [50]. For European Arctic the transport of smokes from more frequent biomass fires may affect the global climate change. Whether the Arctic is getting warmer or colder because of the smoke events is still under evaluation. 

In 2001 the global export of gas amounted to 554.4 bcm, including natural gas exports (411.3 bcm) through pipelines. In 2001 Russia was the largest exporter with 126.9 bcm NG exported to Europe. Export from Canada amounted to 109.1 bcm, from Algeria 57.7 bcm, from Norway -50.5 bcm, from Netherlands 45.2 bcm. 23 % of the global and 33 % of the European demand for gas was secured by import [3], This process would become more intensive in the future. For example in Europe in the year 2010 about 70% of consumed solid fuels, about 65 % of natural gas and more than 90% of crude oil would be secured by import. 

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