Laboratory work Russia

At the same time Vernadsky was begirming to work in the field of radioactivity. In 1908 Vernadsky took part in the corrference sponsored by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (he was a member of this Association since 1889) where he met John Joly, one of the pioneers of the radioactivity research. Vernadsky was deeply impressed by the report of Joly and already in 1909 organised the first radiological laboratory in Russia. 

I. A. Maretina and B. A. Trofimov (Irkutsk, Russia) have contributed a chapter covering applications of diacetylenes in the preparation of heterocycles. This is another field that has grown immensely in the past decade and one which has been significantly enriched by work from these authors laboratories. 

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues, with whom I have had the pleasure to work. I would like to extend my gratitude to the brilliant professionals at the Institute of Chemistry at the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Apatity, Russia), Institute of Common and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukraine Academy of Science (Kiev, Ukraine), Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry (Moscow, Russia), Institute of Chemistry of Nitrogen (Moscow, Russia), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel), Chemistry of Solids Laboratory of CNRS (Bordeaux, France), Tan Ceramics Ltd. (Migdal Haemek, Israel). 

Element 114 - no name has been proposed or accepted by lUPAC for element 114. This element was first synthesized in a November-December 1998 experiment by a multi-national team of scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia. The scientific teams were from JINR and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore, California, USA. The teams used the nuclear reaction Pu ( Ca, 3n) 114. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 21 second 114. 

Interlaboratory certification of the RSs was carried out by noless than 10 laboratories certified metrologi-cally in the System in force in Russia. All laboratories had similar equipment for each analysis technique, worked according to unified certified control procedures (in most cases according to state standards for the applicable analysis techniques [5-7]) and were supervised by GOSSTANDART and analysis procedure developers. 

While working on this chapter, the first author recollected with pleasure, pride and a slight sadness his close acquaintance and friendly connections with many of the heroes of this narration whom he had met not only at international forums or in laboratories throughout the world, but also at home and in other everyday situations. They include H. Gilman, E. Rochow, R. West, D. Seyferth and A. MacDiarmid (USA) M. Schmidt, W. Neumann and H. Schmidbaur (Germany) K. A. Kocheshkov, A. N. Nesmeyanov, G. A. Razuvayev, O. M. Nefedov, V. F. Mironov, M. M. Koton, S. P. Kolesnikov and N. S. Vyazankin (Russia). At the same time, these reminiscences caused some sorrow in that the age of the author has become historical. 

Martyanov, Igor N. is a Ph.D. researcher and recently worked in the laboratory of photocatalysis on semiconductors at the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. The title of his PhD Thesis (1998) was Kinetics of photocatalytic redox reactions of organic molecules in semiconductor suspensions (CdS and TiC>2) . Areas of his interests kinetics of photocatalytic reactions in liquid phase at deep conversion the influence of the surfactants. 

On his return from America, Mendel eff was again sent to study the naphtha springs in the south of Russia. He did not confine his work to the gathering of statistics and the enunciation of theories. He developed in his own laboratory a new method for the commercial distillation of these products and saved Russia vast sums of money. He studied the coal region on the banks and basin of the Donetz River and opened it to the world. He was an active propagandist for Russia s industrial development and expansion, and was called upon to help frame a protective tariff for his country. 

At about the same time, another claim to the discovery of element 106 was made by a Russian group working at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia — Georgiy N. Flerov, Yuri Ts. Oganessian, Yu. P. Tretyakov, A. S. Iljinov, A. G. Demin, A. A. Pleve, S. P. Tret yakova, V. M. Plotko, M. P. Ivanov, N. A. Danilov, and Yu. S. Korotkin. They reported the observation of a spontaneous fission activity with a half-life of 4-10 ms, produced by bombarding 82 Pb with ItCr, and which they assigned to 106 on the basis of reaction systematics. 

This kind of experiment is easy to describe but very difficult to carry out. In fact, this research is carried out at only several laboratories in the world. One is the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, in Dubna, Russia. The second is the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley in the United States. The third is the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany. All of these laboratories use large particle accelerators that cost millions of dollars. Dozens of scientists from many different countries work on each team. 

Yu.I. Matyunin, Immobilization of of excess weapons plutonium in Russia a review of LLNL contract work, UCRL-ID-143486, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 2001. 

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