Mammary

Farm animals produce recombinant proteins less expensively than bacteria or cells in culture because the farm animals produce large volumes of milk containing up to 5 g/L of recombinant protein. In addition, modifications to the proteins that can be performed only by mammalian cells are made by the cells of the mammary gland. Therefore, numerous pharmaceuticals that previously could only be made by cells in culture or extracted from human tissue or blood are being produced by lactating farm animals. 

Many human diseases are caused when certain proteins are either over- or underexpressed. Eor example, breast cancer can be induced by overexpressing certain cellular oncogenes within mammary tissue. To study the disease, researchers produce a line of transgenic mice that synthesize an abnormal amount of the same protein. This leads to symptoms of the disease in mice that are similar to what is found in humans. A protein can be overexpressed by inserting a DNA constmct with a strong promotor. Conversely, underexpression of a protein can be achieved by inserting a DNA constmct that makes antisense RNA. This latter blocks protein synthesis because the antisense RNA binds and inactivates the sense mRNA that codes for the protein. Once a line of mice is developed, treatments are studied in mice before these therapies are appHed to humans. 

Biomedical Uses. The molybdate ion is added to total parenteral nutrition protocols and appears to alleviate toxicity of some of the amino acid components in these preparations (see Mineral NUTRIENTS) (97). Molybdenum supplements have been shown to reduce iiitrosarnine-induced mammary carcinomas in rats (50). A number of studies have shown that certain heteropolymolybdates (98) and organometaUic molybdenum compounds (99) have antiviral, including anti-AIDS, and antitumor activity (see Antiviral agents Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). 

It is not appropriate to generali2e the carcinogenicity of this class of compounds. Nitrofura2one appears to increase the incidence of benign mammary tumors in rats. The tumorigenic activity of fura2ohdone is expressed by an increase in the incidence of spontaneous tumors in both mice and rats. Bioassays of nitrofurantoin in several species of mice and rats failed to reveal any evidence of direct tumorigenic activity. Ovarian tumors have been reported in B C F mice, but these are beheved due to an indirect expression of toxicity (14,15). 

A broad-based cardiomyoplasty market should emerge by the late 1990s. Successhil development of a small-diameter graft to use in coronary bypass surgery instead of the patient s saphenous vein or mammary artery seems likely to occur by the year 2000. Development of appropriate materials and manufacturing methods are needed to maintain patency without damaging blood in grafts below 4 mm in diameter. 

In an animal study of rats exposed by inhalation to ethylene oxide at 10, 33, or 100 ppm for approximately two years (245), and in a separate chronic rat study in which rats were exposed to 50 or 100 ppm of ethylene oxide (240), increased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia, peritoneal mesothelioma, and various brain tumors have been reported. In an NTP (246) two-year inhalation study of mice at 50 and 100 ppm, alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and adenomas, papillary cystadenomas of the harderian gland, and malignant lymphomas, uterine adenocarcinomas, and mammary gland tumors were increased in one or both exposure groups. 

Milch-bestandteil, m. constituent of milk, -bier, n. kumiss, -driise, /. mammary gland lacteal gland. 

Maspin (Mammary serine protease inhibitor) Induces EC apoptosis... 

In agreement with abundant mRNA in mammary gland, high levels of apelin are present in bovine colostrum oral intake of apelin might modulate immune responses in neonates [4]. 

Sites of endothelin-receptor expression. ETA receptors are expressed in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular medial layer and the airways, in cardiac myocytes, lung parenchyma, bronchiolar epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cells. ETB receptors are expressed in endothelial cells, in bronchiolar smooth muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells of certain vessels (e.g. saphenous vein, internal mammary artety), in the renal proximal and distal tubule, the renal collecting duct and in the cells of the atrioventricular conducting system. 

ERa 6q25.1 595 aa 17(3-Estradiol (E2) AGGTCA Ovary, uterus, mammary gland, vagina, testis (Leydig cells), bone... 

Analysis of ERa-deficient mice showed that both sexes are infertile and display a variety of phenotypic changes associated with the gonads, mammary glands, reproductive tracts, and skeletal tissues. In addition,... 

In breast cancer patients, total PR status is measured for hormonal treatment. The presence of PR is associated with increased survival rates and hormonal responsiveness of mammary tumors. PR agonists are widely used in contraception, HRT, breast cancer, and endometrial hyperplasia. Antiprogestins such as RU486 are used for blocking ovulation and preventing implantation, and in addition they are in clinical testing for the induction of labor and to control various neoplastic transformations. 

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