Internal mammary artery

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Thoracic surgery whereby parts of a saphenous vein from a leg or internal mammary artery from the arm are placed as conduits to restore blood flow between the aorta and one or more coronary arteries to bypass the coronary artery stenosis (occlusion). 

Battezzati, Mario, Alberto Tagliaferro and Angelo Domenko Cattaneo, Clinical Evaluation of Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery Ligation as Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease , American Journal of Cardiology 4 (1959) 180-83... 

Krasner, L.J., Wendling, W.W., Cooper, S.C., Chen, D., Heilmann, S.K., Eldridge, C.J., McClurken, J.B., Jeevanandam, V., and Carlsson, C., Direct effects of triiodothyronine on human internal mammary artery and saphenous veins,. Cardiothorac. Vase. Anesth., 11, 463-466,1997. 

Cobb LA, Thomas GI, Dillard DH, Merendino KA, Bmce RA. An evalnation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a donble-bhnd techniqne. N Engl J Med 1959 260 1115-8. 

The first phase I clinical trial of coronary angiogenesis demonstrated the safety of intramyocardial injection of 0.01 mg/kg of FGF-I (79), A total of 40 patients undergoing CABG of the internal mammary artery (IMA) to left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were randomized to receive intramyocardial injections of either 0,01 mg FGF-1 or placebo. All the patients had further stenoses of the LAD distal to the anastomosis, Coronary angiography 12 weeks after treatment showed increased capillary refill in patients... 

Moon MR, Sundt TM, 3rd, Pasque MK, et al. Influence of internal mammary artery grafting and completeness of revascularization on long-term outcome in octogenarians. Ann Thorac Surg 2001 72(6) 2003-2007. 

Dual inhibitors also demonstrate other therapeutical benefits. They reduced the coronary vasoconstriction in arthritic hearts in a rat model [101], and significantly decreased angiotensin II-induced contractions in human internal mammary artery [102], Opioid receptor activation can cause a presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release mediated by LOX metabolites of arachidonic acid in midbrain neurons. The efficacy of opioids was enhanced synergistically by treatment of brain neurons with COX and LOX dual inhibitors. This report might lead to development of CNS analgesic medications involving combinations of lowered doses of opioids and COX/LOX dual inhibitors [103]. The COX and 5-LOX dual inhibitors also can prevent lens protein-induced ocular inflammation in both the early and late phases [104]. 

Stanke F, Craoowdd J-L, Chavanon O, Magne J-L, Min D, Bessard G. Devillier P. Glibendamide inhibits dtromboxarte A2-induced contraction in human internal mammary artery and saphertous veirk Eur J Pharmacol 1998 341 65-71... 

Giessler C, Wangemann T, Silber R-E, Dhein S, Brodde O-E. Noradrenaline-induced contraction of human saphenous vein and human internal mammary artery involvement of different a-adrenoceptor subtypes. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 2002 166 104-109. 

Ferro A, Kaumann AJ, Brown MJ. (3,- and p2-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein unchanged p- and a-adreno-ceptor-responsiveness after chronic p,-adrenoceptor blockade. Br J Pharmacol 1993 109 1053-1058. 

In human arteries, autoradiographic analysis revealed a predominance of (V ARs in the medial layer. P2-ARs were localized primarily in the adventitia, in the adventitial-medial border, and in the intimal layer (67). The distribution of pr and p2-AR subtypes in the human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein showed a high expression of P2-ARs localized to the endothelium of the internal mammary artery and fewer P2-ARs on the smooth muscle. Images of [125I]CYP binding to the saphenous vein showed localization of P2-ARs to the outer smooth muscle and not to the endothelium. This localization was confirmed by relaxation experiments in mammary artery and saphenous vein to (-)-isoprenaline and found to be mediated via P2-ARs located on the smooth muscle (68). 

Molenaar P, Malta E, Jones CR, Buxton BF, Summers RJ. Autoradiographic localization and function of p-adrenoceptors on the human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein. Br J Pharmacol 1988 95 225-233. 

Reversed segments of autologous saphenous vein can be used as appropriate conduits. Particularly in coronary revascularization, the internal mammary arteries and the radial arteries have widely been used [3]. However, autologous vessels may be insufficient for multiple or repeated bypasses and/or saphenous veins may have varicose degenerative alterations. Therefore, allograft arteries and veins as well as synthetic tubes have been developed, but they proved to be less satisfactory as conduits [4, 5] particularly, synthetic grafts with an internal diameter of 6 mm or less are prone to thrombus induction and occlusion [6]. 

Schonberger, J.P., Bredee, JJ., van Oeveren, W., van Zundert, A A., Verkroost, M., Terwoorst, J., Bavinck, J.H., Berreklouw, E., and Wildevuur, CJi. (1993) Preoperative Therapy of Low-Dose Aspirin in Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Operations with and without Low-Dose Aprotinin. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 106, 262-267. 

Fig. 16.5. Selective angiography of the left internal mammary artery (arrowhead), giving off bronchial arterial branches (arrow)...

Goldman S, Zadina K, Moritz T, et al. Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery results from a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 2149-56. 

Rapold, H.J., Stassen, T., Van de Werf, F., et al (1992) Comparative copper coil-induced thrombogenicity of the internal mammary, left anterior descending coronary, and popliteal arteries in dogs. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 12(5), 634- 4. 

Recent clinical success for the same TEBV cell sheet multilayer method has been used as an AV fistula access graft in 10 high risk hemodialysis patients.The 6-month patency rate of 60% is clinically significant and meets the approved criteria. i In addition, the average bursting strength for these devices matched that of the human internal mammary artery, that is in excess of 3000... 

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