Skeletal tissue

FIGURE 11-7 Gene structure of AChE. Alternative cap sites in the 5 end of the gene allow for alternative promoter usage in different tissues. Skeletal-muscle-specific regulation is controlled by the intron region between Exons 1 and 2. Exons 2, 3 and 4 encode an invariant core of the molecule that contains the essential catalytic residues. Just prior to the stop codon, three splicing alternatives are evident 1, a continuation of exon 4 2, the 4-5 splice and 3, the 4-6 splice. The catalytic subunits produced differ only in their carboxy-termini and are shown in the lower panel. (Modified with permission from reference [24].)... 

Normal tissues Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, epidermal, sguamous, urothelial, colonic and gastric mucosal, and glial cells, as well as neurons are consistently negative with the antibody. 

Skeletal muscle is a major component of body tissue and accounts for 40-50% of the body weight. Skeletal tissue is composed of specialized striated cells, which function to convert chemical energy to mechanical work. Skeletal muscle plays a central role in body metabolism and serves as a source of body heat and a storage depot for energy-rich compounds, protein, and intracellular ions (e.g., potassium). It also contains up to 80% of the body water content. In contrast to cardiac and smooth visceral muscle tissue, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. 

Target tissues for the enhancement of insulin effects and/or direct effects of sulphonylureas are adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. 

Calcium is the fifth most abundant element on earth and the principal extracellular divalent cation in the human body. A healthy, 70-kg adult contains 1-1.25 kg of calcium (25-33 g/kg of fat-free tissue), while a 3.5-kg newborn contains about 25 g of calcium. About 95-99% of body calcium is in the skeleton as hydroxyapatite crystals. The remainder is in the extracellular fluid and is exchangeable with that in periosteal fluid, bone-forming surfaces, and soft tissues. Skeletal calcium is slowly exchangeable with extracellular fluid calcium, and the skeleton is thus a reservoir of calcium. The steady-state extracellular and periosteal fluid concentrations of calcium depend, in large part, on the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which are regulated by hormones. 

GLUT 4 Adipose tissue Skeletal muscle Heart muscle Insulin-sensitive transporter. In the presence of insulin the number of GLUT 4 transporters increases on the cell surface. A high-affinity system... 

The expanding list of tissues that use differentiation from stem to progenitor to mature cells includes blood cells, immune system cells, central and peripheral nervous tissues, skeletal muscles, and epithelial cells. The resulting chnical stem cell transplantation could greatly increase the physician s armamentarium against degenerative diseases and the consequences of acute failures. 

In the following sections we describe experiments in which we characterise the relationship of P-oxidation and the respiratory chain in three tissues skeletal muscle, heart and liver. 

The recognition of child abuse as an evil, as opposed to a parental right, is relatively modern. The first clear medical description of the abuse of children was in 1860 when Ambroise Tardieu described the soft tissue, skeletal and intracranial injuries suffered by 32 Parisian children (Tardieu 1860 Labbe 2005). In 1946, Caffey described the association between subdural haematoma and long bone frartures and stated that the injuries were either not observed or were denied when observed (Caffey 1946). Further recognition of the condition followed and in 1961 when Kempe et al. (1962) coined the powerful term the battered child for a multidisciplinary meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Within 5 years, every US state had passed a child abuse reporting law. 

There seems to be no doubt that the cristae play an important functional role, for the density of the intramitochondrial lamellation correlates with physiological function, the lamellation being more abundant in tissues (skeletal muscle) with the greatest energy expenditures. Furthermore, there is a correlation between the number of cristae and the amount of cytochromes found in the mitochondria. 

ThTP is always found in nervous tissue, skeletal muscle and the ontogenetically muscle-derived electric organs this led to the hypothesis that it might play a... 

As mentioned previously, to circumvent sourcing issues, several groups have identified alternative sources of neonatal and adult mesenchymal progenitor cells, from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, umbilical cord tissue [11], and other organs. It is now generally accepted that mesenchymal progenitor cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal cells, are perivascular cells [12], and reside in the perivascular niche [13,14], which may explain their relative abimdance in more vascular tissue like adipose and muscle. 

A group of inherited diseases in which there is abnormal metabolism and excretion of the various mucopolysaccharides. The features of these diseases are a reflection of the inability of the body to link the mucopolysaccharides with proteins to form the basic substance of connective tissue. Skeletal abnormalities l-esult from this. Affected individuals may also have grotesque facial expressions. The mucopolysaccharidoses have been classified as follows ... 

Musculoskeletal system The human skeleton is usually composed of 206 distinct bones, including 26 bones within the spine and vertebral column, eight bones in the cranium, 14 bones in the face, 26 bones in the hyoid, sternum, and ribs, 70 bones in the upper extremities, and 62 bones in the lower extremities. These bones attach to other bones by joints, while the skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton by tendons. The body is made up of three types of muscle tissue skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Each of these has the ability to contract and expand, which allows the body to move and function. 

---