Cancer Mammary glands

S. Z. Haslam and T. L. Woodward, Host microenvironment in breast cancer development Epithelial-cell-stromal-cell interactions and steroid hormone action in normal and cancerous mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res., 2003, 5, 208-215. 

The First International Symposium on Disease Prevention by IP6 and other Rice Bran Components. was conducted in Kyoto, Japan on June 8-9, 1998. Scientists from all over the globe gathered and presented their research findings on the effect of IP6 and other rice bran components on several aspects of health. The brain storming sessions of nearly 35 presentations demonstrated that IP6 is a chemopreventive agent as both a cancer inhibitor and a cancer suppressor in mammary gland, colon and lung cancer (Shamsuddin et al, 1997). 

In addition to their possible prooxidant activity (see above) polyphenols and flavonoids may influence cancer cells via their antioxidant properties. Recently, Jang et al. [219] studied cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from grapes (Chapter 29). These authors showed that resveratrol inhibited the development of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-treated mouse mammary glands in culture and inhibited tumorigenesis in a mouse skin cancer model. Flavonoids silymarin and silibinin also exhibited antitumor-promoting effects at the stage I tumor promotion in mouse skin [220] and manifested antiproliferative effects in rat prostate cancer cells [221]. 

Fuqua SA (2001) The role of estrogen receptors in breast cancer metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6 407... 

Lim KB, Ng CY, Ong CK, Ong CS, Tran E, Nguyen TT, Chan GM, Huynh H (2001) Induction of apoptosis in mammary gland by a pure anti-estrogen ICI 182780. Breast Cancer Res Treat 68 127-138... 

Myoepithelial cells are contractile elements found in salivary, sweat, and mammary glands that show a combined smooth muscle and epithelial phenotype (Foschini et al. 2000). In the normal breast, the ductal and acinar units are lined by two cell layers the inner layer lining the lumen and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells. An intact myoepithelial cells layer is seen in both benign and in situ lesions, whereas loss of the myoepithelial cells layer is considered the rule for the diagnosis of invasive cancer (Kalof et al. 2004 and citations therein). 

The FABP isolated from mammary gland, a tissue widi a high level of fatty acid metabolism, has die ability to inhibit proliferation of tumour cells in vitro. The concentration of FABP increases in die cytosol of the mammary gland during lactation. Could this explain the protection against breast cancer afforded by an early pregnancy and hence lactation at an early age (Chapter 21) ... 

Li, H., Rajendran, G.K, Liu, N Ware, C., Rubin, B.P. and Gu, Y. (2007) SirTl modulates the estrogen-insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling for postnatal development of mammary gland in mice. Breast Cancer Research, 9, R1. 

In cells of the mammary gland, either in normal epithelial or in cancerous cells, the packaging of chromosomal DNA into chromatin restricts the access of the transcription machinery, thereby causing transcriptional repression. The basic N-termini of histones are subject to post-translational modifications, including lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation, serine phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation [56]. It has been proposed in the histone code hypothesis that the intricate pattern of modifications of the N-terminal histone tail influences gene regulation [57]. 

Matsushita M, Matsuzaki K, Date M, Watanabe T, Shibano K, Nakagawa T, Yanagi-tani S, Amoh Y, Takemoto H, Ogata N, Yamamoto C, Kubota Y, Seki T, Inokuchi H, Nishizawa M, Takada H, Sawamura T, Okamura A, Inoue K (1999) Br J Cancer 80 194 Brattain MG, Ko Y, Banerji SS, Wu G, Willson JK (1996) J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 4 365... 

Shin BK, Wang H, Hanash S. (2002) Proteomics approaches to uncover the repertoire of circulating biomarkers for breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7, 407-13. 

Cavalieri, E. L., E. G. Rogan, S. Higginbotham, P. Cremonesi, and S. Salmasi, Tumor-Initiating Activity in Mouse Skin and Carcinogenicity in Rat Mammary Gland of Dibenzo[a]pyrenes The Very Potent Environmental Carcinogen Dibenzo[a,/]pyrene, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 115, 67-72(1989). 

Mallon E, Osin P, Nasiri N et al. The basic pathology of human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2000 5 139-163. 

Hayes DF, Isaacs C, Stearns V. Prognostic factors in breast cancer current and new predictors of metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001 6 375-392. 

Wellings, S. R., Grunbaum, B. W. and Deome, K. B. 1960B. Electron microscopy of milk secretion in the mammary gland of the C3H/Crgl mouse. II. Identification of fat and protein particles in milk and in tissue. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 25, 423-437. 

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