Rat mammary-gland

PAH radical cations are also involved in the metabolic conversion of PAH to PAH diones. Carcinogenicity studies of PAH in rat mammary gland indicate that only PAH with ionization potential low enough for activation by one-electron oxidation induce tumors in this target organ. These results and others indicate that one-electron oxidation of PAH is involved in their tumor initiation process. 

The role of N-acetoxy arylamides as metabolically formed ultimate carcinogens jji vivo also appears to be limited. Their enzymatic formation via peroxidation of N-hydroxy arylamides can be excluded since tissues containing high levels of peroxidases such as the rat mammary gland (83) and the dog urinary bladder (84) do not form acetylated carcinogen-DNA adducts in vivo (63). Their non-enzymatic formation by reaction of acetyl coenzyme A with N-hydroxy arylamides (6 ) cannot be excluded however, even if formed, their direct reaction with cellular DNA appears unlikely as treatment of cultured cells with synthetic N-acetoxy AAF (85,86) results primarily in deacetylated arylamine-DNA adducts, apparently due to rapid N-deacetylation to form the reactive N-acetoxy arylamine (V). 

Cavalieri, E., D. Sinha, and E. Rogan. 1980. Rat mammary gland versus mouse skin different mechanisms of activation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 215-231 in A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Al. Abraham, S., Cady, P., and Chaikoff, I. L., Effect of insulin in vitro on pathways of glucose utilization other than Embden-Meyerhof in rat mammary gland, y. Biol. Chem. 224, 955-962 (1957). 

Adenohypophysis neoplasia in rats Mammary-gland neoplasia in female rats... 

Fig. 2. Apoptotic cells fluorescently labeled using the TUNEL assay. Fixed paraffin-embedded rat mammary glands, 4 d postweaning (obtained from Oncor), were labeled using the TUNEL assay to detect apoptotic cells. Reagents were from Oncor s Apoptag Direct In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Fluorescein), which directly incorporates fluorescein-labeled dUTP in the TdT end-labeling reaction. All reagents were used as described by the manufacturer (see Note 1). (Abbreviations are as in text.)...

Evarts RP, Brown CA Atta GJ The effects of hydroxylamine on the morphology of the rat mammary gland and on the induction of mammary tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz( )anthracene. Exp Mol Pathol 30 337-348, 1979... 

Cavalieri, E. L., E. G. Rogan, S. Higginbotham, P. Cremonesi, and S. Salmasi, Tumor-Initiating Activity in Mouse Skin and Carcinogenicity in Rat Mammary Gland of Dibenzo[a]pyrenes The Very Potent Environmental Carcinogen Dibenzo[a,/]pyrene, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 115, 67-72(1989). 

Munday, M.R. Hardie, D.G. Isolation of three cyclic-AMP-independent acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinases from lactating rat mammary gland and characterization of their effects on enzyme activity. Eur. J. Biochem., 141, 617-627 (1984)... 

Ottey, K.A. Takhar, S. Munday, M.R. Comparison of two cyclic-nucleotide-independent acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase from lactating rat mammary gland identification of the kinase responsible for acetyl-CoA inactivation in vivo. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 17, 349-350 (1989)... 

Libertini, L. J. and Smith S. 1978. Purification and properties of thioesterase from lactating rat mammary gland which modifies the product specificity of fatty acid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1398. 

Smith, S. and Abraham, S. 1971. Fatty acid synthetase from lactating rat mammary gland. Studies on the termination sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2537-2542. 

Kuhn, N. J. and White, A. 1976. Evidence for specific transport of uridine diphosphate galactose across the Golgi membrane of rat mammary gland. Biochem. J. 154, 243-244. 

Huggins, J. W. and Carraway, K. L. 1976. Purification of plasma membranes from rat mammary gland by a density perturbation procedure. J. SupramoL Struct. 5, 59-63. 

Keenan, T. W., Huang, C. M. and MorrA D. J. 1972C. Membranes of mammary gland. III. Lipid composition of Golgi apparatus from rat mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 55, 51-57. 

Montesano, R., Ravazzola, M. and Orci, L. 1983. Filipin labelling of lipid droplets in lactating rat mammary gland. Cell Biol Intern Rep. 7, 194. 

Nickerson, S. C. and Keenan, T. W. 1979. Distribution and orientation of microtubules in milk secreting epithelial cells of rat mammary gland. Cell Tiss. Res. 202, 303-312. 

Peixoto de Menezes, A. and Pinto da Silva, P. 1978. Freeze-fracture observations of the lactating rat mammary gland. J. Cell Biol. 76, 767-778. 

Sasaki, M. and Keenan, T. W. 1978. Membranes of mammary gland XV. 5-thio-D-glucose decreases lactose content and inhibits secretory vesicle maturation in lactating rat mammary gland. Exp. Cell Res. Ill, 413-425. 

Russo, J. and Russo, I.H. 1978. DNA labeling index and structure of the rat mammary gland as determinant of its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61, 1451-1459. 

Tou, J.C. and Thompson, L.U. 1999. Exposure to flaxseed or its lignan component during different developmental stages influences rat mammary gland structures. Carcinogenesis 20, 1831-1835. 

Badawi, A.F. and Archer, M.C., Effect of hormonal status on the expression of the cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 genes and prostaglandin synthesis in rat mammary glands, Prostaglandins. Other Lipid Medial,... 

Ip, C., Ip, M.M., Loftus, T., Shoemaker, S., and Shea-Eaton, W., Induction of apoptosis by conjugated linoleic acid in cultured mammary tumor cells and premalignant lesions of the rat mammary gland, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 689, 2000. 

Hardie, D.G., Guy, P.S. 1980. Reversible phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from lactating rat mammary gland by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Eur. J. Biochem. 110, 167—177. 

Katz, J., Wals, P.A. 1972. Pentose cycle and reducing equivalents in rat mammary-gland slices. 

Lin, C.Y., Smith, S., Abraham, S. 1976. Acyl specificity in triglyceride synthesis by lactating rat mammary gland. J. Lipid Res. 17, 647-656. 

Shand, J.H., West, D.W. 1991. Acyl-CoA Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the rat mammary gland Variation during pregnancy and lactation. Lipids. 26, 150-154. 

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