Mammary cell growth

Sinha R, Said TK, Medina D. 1996. Organic and inorganic selenium compounds inhibit mouse mammary cell growth in vitro by different cellular pathways. Cancer Lett 107 277-284. 

Quercetin has been shown to inhibit the activity of two enzymes that play an important role in mammary cell growth and development, tyrosine protein kinase activity and phosphoinositide phosphorylation, and it also inhibits protein kinase C, which is vital in the regulation of cellular proliferation. Blockade of the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGR receptor leading to growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic tumor cells have been reported for quercetin and luteolin. Furthermore, inhibition of tumor growth through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by quercetin are thought to be functionally related to activation of the tumor supressor protein p53. In addition, quercetin has... 

Another factor responsible for regulating the levels of p53 by (3-carotene could be the dose employed. At high carotenoid concentrations, an increase in p53 expression was observed in SCC cells (Schwartz, 1993) and in HL-60 cells (Palozza et al 2002b). In HL-60 cells, the treatment with the carotenoid induced a remarkable increase in ROS production, accompanied by an enhanced expression of p21WAFl and by a concomitant arrest of cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase (Palozza et al., 2002b). An arrest of cell cycle, accompanied by apoptosis induction, was also observed following dietary supplementation with lutein (Chew et al., 2003). The inhibition of mouse mammary tumor growth by lutein was also supported by the observed increase in the expression of p53 and Bax induced by the carotenoid (Chew et al., 2003). 

Interestingly, while it has been reported that the inhibition of cell growth by carotenoids in colon (Palozza et al., 2001b, 2007a) as well as in prostate (Williams et al., 2000) adenocarcinoma cancer cells was independent of p53 and p21 status, HL-60 cells increased their p21 expression as a consequence of the treatment with p-carotene (Palozza et al., 2002b). In addition, the antiproliferative effects of P-carotene required p21 expression in human fibroblasts (Stivala et al., 2000). In contrast, mammary and endometrial cancer cells decreased p21 levels, following lycopene treatment (Nahum et al., 2001). 

Han EK, Begemann M, Sgambato A, Soh JW, Doki Y, Xing WQ, Liu W, Weinstein IB (1996) Increased expression of cyclin D1 in a murine mammary epithelial cell line induces p27kipl, inhibits growth, and enhances apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ 7 699-710... 

The mechanisms of action of steroid hormones on lymphoid, mammary, and prostatic cancer have been partially clarified. Specific cell surface receptors have been identified for estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and androgens in neoplastic cells in these tissues. As in normal cells, steroid hormones also form an intracellular steroid-receptor complex that ultimately binds directly to nuclear proteins associated with DNA to activate transcription of a broad range of cellular genes involved in cell growth and proliferation (see Chapter 39 Adrenocorticosteroids Adrenocortical Antagonists). 

Studies of Medina and Oborn (75) examined the growth potential of normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary cells grown in primary monolayer cell cultures and on three established mammary cell lines. Selenium, present as sodium selenite in erum-free medium inhibited alj mammary cell cultures at 1 X 10 M. 

Selenium, at 5 X10 M, stimulated the growth of primary cell cultures of normal mammary cells and C4 preneoplastic cells and the established cell line YN-4 but not the growth of D2 preneoplastic cells and tumors in primary cell cultures and of established cell lines CL-S1 and Waz-2t. The differential response of cells from preneoplastic outgrowth lines C4 and D2 and of D2 primary tumors in vitro correlated with the sensitivity of these same cell populations to selenium mediated inhibition of growth and tumorigenesis in vivo. Selenium had little effect on 3 or 4 preneoplastic mammary outgrowth lines. Recent studies by Poirier et al., (70) have shown that... 

The dihydrochloride salt of silaazaspirane 86 inhibited completely human mammary cancer cell growth at a concentration of 1 /rgml . The analogue with the five-membered aza-ring 87 was 10 times less active (73JHC737). 

Warfarin has been shown to have no impact on Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma cell growth in vitro at concentrations less than ImmolH. ... 

Table 3 Growth Inhibitory Activity of GlcNAc Derivatives Displaying Unnatural Anomeric Substituents Against TA3 Mammary Cells...

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