Mammary tumors

It is not appropriate to generali2e the carcinogenicity of this class of compounds. Nitrofura2one appears to increase the incidence of benign mammary tumors in rats. The tumorigenic activity of fura2ohdone is expressed by an increase in the incidence of spontaneous tumors in both mice and rats. Bioassays of nitrofurantoin in several species of mice and rats failed to reveal any evidence of direct tumorigenic activity. Ovarian tumors have been reported in B C F mice, but these are beheved due to an indirect expression of toxicity (14,15). 

In breast cancer patients, total PR status is measured for hormonal treatment. The presence of PR is associated with increased survival rates and hormonal responsiveness of mammary tumors. PR agonists are widely used in contraception, HRT, breast cancer, and endometrial hyperplasia. Antiprogestins such as RU486 are used for blocking ovulation and preventing implantation, and in addition they are in clinical testing for the induction of labor and to control various neoplastic transformations. 

Vitamins and lipids are often required for animal cells to grow in serum-free medium. Phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are key additives that facilitate the growth of the mammary tumor cell line 64024 (Kano-Sueoka and Errick, 1981). In addition, ethanolamine promotes the growth of human lymphocytes and mouse hybridoma cells. Short-term cultures of human diploid lung and foreskin fibroblasts grow in medium that includes among its supplements soybean lecithin, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and vitamin E. 

Chew, BP, Brown, CM, Park, JS, and Mixter, PF, 2003. Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis. Anticancer Res 23, 3333-3339. 

Recent observations suggest that carotenoids may modulate the AP-1 activation process. It has been recently reported in mammary tumor cell lines that [3-carotene and its cleavage products were able to decrease the activation of AP-1 (Tibaduiza et al., 2002). Moreover, lycopene was also shown to downregulate AP-1 in mammary cancer cells (Karas et al., 2000). In addition, a pharmacological... 

Another factor responsible for regulating the levels of p53 by (3-carotene could be the dose employed. At high carotenoid concentrations, an increase in p53 expression was observed in SCC cells (Schwartz, 1993) and in HL-60 cells (Palozza et al 2002b). In HL-60 cells, the treatment with the carotenoid induced a remarkable increase in ROS production, accompanied by an enhanced expression of p21WAFl and by a concomitant arrest of cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase (Palozza et al., 2002b). An arrest of cell cycle, accompanied by apoptosis induction, was also observed following dietary supplementation with lutein (Chew et al., 2003). The inhibition of mouse mammary tumor growth by lutein was also supported by the observed increase in the expression of p53 and Bax induced by the carotenoid (Chew et al., 2003). 

The photodynamic effect of chloroaluminum(III) phthalocyanine ((47), with C1A1 in place of Zn), a commercial product, was reported by Ben-Hur and Rosenthal.302 The photosensitizer was delivered in ethanol to cultures of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. After equilibration (16 h), exposure to visible light (fluence rate 64 Wm-2) of a suspension in PBS for 2 min gave a 3 log kill. Lack of water solubility is a problem, and for in vivo PDT of EMT-6 mammary tumors in mice a Cremophor emulsion was employed.303 The compound was a more effective PDT sensitizer than... 

Liu RH, Liu J and Chen B. 2005. Apples prevent mammary tumors in rats. J Agric Food Chem 53 2341-2343. Long M, Millar DJ, Kimura Y, Donovan G, Rees J, Fraser PD, Bramley PM and Bolwell GP. 2006. Metabolite profiling of carotenoid and phenolic pathways in mutant and transgenic lines of tomato identification of a high antioxidant fruit line. Phytochemistry 67 1750-1757. 

Kavanagh KT, Hafer LJ, Kim DW, and others. 2001. Green tea extracts decrease carcinogen-induced mammary tumor burden in rats and rate of breast cancer cell proliferation in culture. J Cell Biochem 82(3) 387—398. 

Figure 11 Blood plasma ACU in patients with mammary tumors. N, healthy women (n = 24) Be., benign mastopathies (n = 40) C, carcinomas in stages I (n = 14), II (n = 13), III (n = 9), and IV (n = 7). Compared to healthy subjects, p < 0.001 for all carcinomas.

Mouse 0.2 mg/kg BW Reduces mammary tumor growth rate adversely affects thymus gland growth 22... 

None of the mammary tumor incidences exceeded those expected or reported on aged female rats of this strain... 

The benign malignant ratio of mammary tumors was the same in control and treated groups... 

Growth inhibited organ/BW ratios increased in brain, liver, spleen, kidney, heart (females), and testes. Mammary and pituitary tumors commonly observed in treated and in control groups. No statistically significant difference in number or type of neoplasms, except for mammary tumors... 

Garcia T, Lehler S, Bloomer WD, Schachter B (1988) A variant estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid is associated with reduced levels of estrogen binding in human mammary tumors. Mol Endocrinol 2 785... 

Miproxifene (TAT-59) is a prodrug of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen that has been developed for tamoxifen-resistant carcinoma, but relatively little information has been published on this drug. Compared with tamoxifen, miproxifene inhibits estradiol-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells at a threefold lower dose than that of tamoxifen, and of dimethyl-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors at a dose tenfold lower than tamoxifen (Toko et al. 1990). In any event, in preclinical castrated rat models, it shows an endometrial stimulation activity that is similar to that of tamoxifen, which means it has limited potential use in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease (Shibata et al. 2000). Similarly, considering the preclinical findings of endometrial stimulation reported on GW5638 (Willson et al. 1997), it is likely that this new SERM belonging to the triphenylethylene family will be limited in clinical use to the treatment of advanced tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer once its efficacy is demonstrated in human clinical trials. 

Rat mammary tumors Lewis lung cancers Mouse mammary tumors Choriocarcinoma cells Anaplastic sarcomas Walker carcinoma cells Rat prostatic carcinomas Rat embryo fibroblasts Different malignant cells... 

---