Mammary cancer

Maytansine showed activity against many experimental tumor systems both in vitro and in vivo at a very low concentration, and it was reported that this alkaloid was effective clinically against acute lymphatic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanomata, head and neck cancer, mammary cancer, and ovarian cancer. However, from the results of phase II tests reported until this writing, bioavailability of this alkaloid is low, and the clinical applicability seems to be limited [4]. 

S. Z. Haslam and T. L. Woodward, Host microenvironment in breast cancer development Epithelial-cell-stromal-cell interactions and steroid hormone action in normal and cancerous mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res., 2003, 5, 208-215. 

Many human diseases are caused when certain proteins are either over- or underexpressed. Eor example, breast cancer can be induced by overexpressing certain cellular oncogenes within mammary tissue. To study the disease, researchers produce a line of transgenic mice that synthesize an abnormal amount of the same protein. This leads to symptoms of the disease in mice that are similar to what is found in humans. A protein can be overexpressed by inserting a DNA constmct with a strong promotor. Conversely, underexpression of a protein can be achieved by inserting a DNA constmct that makes antisense RNA. This latter blocks protein synthesis because the antisense RNA binds and inactivates the sense mRNA that codes for the protein. Once a line of mice is developed, treatments are studied in mice before these therapies are appHed to humans. 

In breast cancer patients, total PR status is measured for hormonal treatment. The presence of PR is associated with increased survival rates and hormonal responsiveness of mammary tumors. PR agonists are widely used in contraception, HRT, breast cancer, and endometrial hyperplasia. Antiprogestins such as RU486 are used for blocking ovulation and preventing implantation, and in addition they are in clinical testing for the induction of labor and to control various neoplastic transformations. 

MEL A498, renal cancer EVSA-7, mammary cancer H226, lung cancer IGROV, ovarian cancer Ml 9, melanoma MCE-7, mammary cancer WiDr, colon cancer. 

FUTAKUCHI M, HIROSE M, MIKI T, TANAKA H, OZAKI M and SHIRAI T (1998) Inhlhition of DMBA-initiated rat mammary tumour development hy l-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone, phenylethyl isothiocyanate, and novel synthetic ascorbic acid derivatives , Eur J Cancer Prev, 7 153-9. 

Anti-cancer effect (Nesaretnam et. al., 1998) Human mammary and large intestinal cancer inhibition (Nesaretnam et al., 1998). 

The First International Symposium on Disease Prevention by IP6 and other Rice Bran Components. was conducted in Kyoto, Japan on June 8-9, 1998. Scientists from all over the globe gathered and presented their research findings on the effect of IP6 and other rice bran components on several aspects of health. The brain storming sessions of nearly 35 presentations demonstrated that IP6 is a chemopreventive agent as both a cancer inhibitor and a cancer suppressor in mammary gland, colon and lung cancer (Shamsuddin et al, 1997). 

Karas, M. et ah. Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells, Nutr. Cancer, 36,101, 2000. 

Ben-Dor, A. et al.. Effects of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene on activation of the retinoic acid receptor and proliferation of mammary cancer cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 391, 295, 2001. 

Sumantran, VN, Zhang, R, Lee, DS, and Wicha, MS, 2000. Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9, 257-263. 

Recent observations suggest that carotenoids may modulate the AP-1 activation process. It has been recently reported in mammary tumor cell lines that [3-carotene and its cleavage products were able to decrease the activation of AP-1 (Tibaduiza et al., 2002). Moreover, lycopene was also shown to downregulate AP-1 in mammary cancer cells (Karas et al., 2000). In addition, a pharmacological... 

Interestingly, while it has been reported that the inhibition of cell growth by carotenoids in colon (Palozza et al., 2001b, 2007a) as well as in prostate (Williams et al., 2000) adenocarcinoma cancer cells was independent of p53 and p21 status, HL-60 cells increased their p21 expression as a consequence of the treatment with p-carotene (Palozza et al., 2002b). In addition, the antiproliferative effects of P-carotene required p21 expression in human fibroblasts (Stivala et al., 2000). In contrast, mammary and endometrial cancer cells decreased p21 levels, following lycopene treatment (Nahum et al., 2001). 

Rock, C.L., Kusluski, R.A., Galvez, M.M., Ethier, S.P. 1995. Carotenoids induce morphological changes in human mammary epithelial cell cultures. Nutr Cancer 23 319-333. 

Perou CM et al. Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96 9212-9217. 

Ip C, Lisk DJ and Stoewasand GS. 1992. Mammary cancer prevention by regular garlic and selenium enriched garlic. Nutr Cancer 17 279-286. 

Jung KJ, Wallig MA and Singletary KW. 2006. Purple grape juice inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett 233 279-288. 

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