Mammary gland development

Li X, Warri A, Makela S, Ahonen T, Streng T, et al. 2002. Mammary gland development in transgenic male mice expressing human P450 aromatase. Endocrinology 143 ... 

The physiological functions of the ER subtypes have been characterised in mice lacking the ERa, the ER/1, or both receptors [11]. Disruption of the ERo resulted in infertility of both male and female mice and inhibited the outgrowth of the mammary duct during puberty, whereas disruption of the ER/1 had no effect on fertihty and mammary gland development [ 17]. A number of ERo and ER/1 isoforms have also been described, many of which alter estrogen-mediated gene expression [18]. 

Mecfianism of Action A natural steroid hormone that promotes mammary gland development and relaxes uterine smooth muscle. Therapeutic Effect Decreases abnormal uterine bleeding transforms endometrium from proliferative to secretory in an estrogen-primed endometrium. 

Hilakivi-Clarke L, Cho E, Clarke R. Maternal genistein exposure mimics the effects of oestrogen on mammary gland development in female mouse offspring. Oncol. Rep. 5, 609-615, 1998. 

Imagawa W, Yang J, Guzman R, Nandi S (1994) Control of mammary gland development. In Knobil E Neill JD ed. The physiology of reproduction. New York, Raven Press, pp 1033-1063. 

In low concentrations prepares uterus for blastocyst implantation promotes ovulation and mammary gland development regulates female sex accessory organs weak, corticosteroid properties precursor to sex hormones... 

Kuhn, F., Lassing, C., Range, A., Mueller, M., Hunziker, T., Ziemiecki, A., and Andres, A. C. (1999). Pmg-1 and pmg-2 constitute a novel family of KAP genes differentially expressed during skin and mammary gland development. Mech. Dev. 86, 193-196. 

Rayner, J.L., C. Wood, and S.E. Fenton (2003). Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 195 23-24. 

Mather, I.H. 1987. Proteins of the milk-fat-globule membrane as markers of mammary epithelial cells and apical plasma membrane. In The Mammary Gland. Development, Regulation and Function (M.C. Neville, C.W. Daniel, eds.), pp. 217-267, Plenum Press, New York. 

Kritikou EA, Sharkey A, Abell K, Came PJ, Anderson E, Clarkson RWE, Watson CJ. A dual, non-redundant, role for LIE as a regulator of development and STAT3-mediated cell death in mammary gland. Development, 2003 130 3459-3468. 

Walden, P. D., Ruan, W., et al. (1998). Evidence that the mammary fat pad mediates the action of growth hormone in mammary gland development. Endocrinology 139(2) 659-62. 

Palmer C, Lubon H, McManaman ). Transgenic mice expressing recombinant human protein C exhibit defects in lactation and impaired mammary gland development. Transgenic Res., 2003 12(3) 283-292. 

Figure 5 Effects of varying levels of domperidone (1.1, 1.65, or 2.2 mg/kg, PO SID) on mammary gland development in periparturient mares grazing E+ fescue pastures. Day -31 represents the average number of days prior to the calculated date of parturition that pretreatment samples were obtained (pretreatment samples obtained 1.2 days before initiation of drug treatment). Stars indicate first detectable difference (P< 0.05) from pretreatment values within treatment. Numbers indicate number of animals remaining in treatment group when sample was obtained. (From Redmond, 1994.)...

Estrogens, particularly estradiol secreted from the ovaries, promotes the development of secondary female characteristics during onset of puberty. They also stimulate mammary gland development during pregnancy. They have additional functions such as inducing heat, or estrus, in animals. It is curious that estrone has been isolated from several plant species including palm kernels. 

Progestogens such as progesterone are synthesized in the corpus luteum, and their secretion is stimulated by LH. As mentioned, in concert with estradiol, progesterone prepares the uterine endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum and acts as a differentiation factor in mammary gland development. 

Andres, A.C. Reid, H.H. Zurcher, G. Blaschke, R.J. Albrecht, D. Zie-miecki. A. Expression of two novel eph-related receptor protein tyrosine kinases in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis. Oncogene, 9, 1461-1467 (1994)... 

Stimulation of mammary gland development in female offspring occurred at the very low maternal dose of 0.025 pg/kg/day delivered tonically by an Alzet pump (Markey et al. 2001a). 

Conditional Knockout of HIF-la During Normal Mammary Gland Development... 

Seagroves TN, Hadsell D, McManaman J, Palmer C, Liao D, McNulty W, Wehn B, Wagner KU, Neville M, Johnson RS. HIFlalpha is a critical regulator of secretory differentiation and activation, but not vascular expansion, in the mouse mammary gland. Development 2003 130 1713-1724. 

Anderson SM, Rudolph MC, McManaman JL, Neville MC. Key stages in mammary gland development. Secretory activation in the mammary gland it s not just about milk protein synthesis Breast Cancer Res 2007 9 204. 

Hu C, Dievart A, Lupien M, Calvo E, Tremblay G, Jolicoeur P. Overexpression of activated murine Notch 1 and Notch3 in transgenic mice blocks mammary gland development and induces mammary tumors. Am J Pathol 2006 168 973-990. 

The increase in free retinol level is also closely related to the anticarcinogenic activity of CLA in all experimental models tested. It has been shown that dietary retinyl esters and CLA share many similar biological activities, such as suppression of mammary gland development, and inhibition of terminal duct and alveolar cell proliferation (48). It is possible that these activities contribute at least in part to the protection against mammary tumors. 

Aylsworth, C.F. (1986) Influence of Dietary Retinyl Acetate on Normal Rat Mammary Gland Development and on the Enhancement of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene-Induced Rat Mammary Tumorigenesis by High Levels of Dietary Fat, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76, 339-345. 

Wagner K-U, Schmidt JW. The two faces of Janus kinases and their respective STATs in mammary gland development and cancer. J Carcinog. 2011 10 32. doi 10.4103/1477-3163-90677. 

Mammary stem cells and Mammary gland development... 

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