Phenotypes changes

Analysis of ERa-deficient mice showed that both sexes are infertile and display a variety of phenotypic changes associated with the gonads, mammary glands, reproductive tracts, and skeletal tissues. In addition,... 

Sarrazin C, Kieffer TL, Bartels D, Hanzelka B, Muh U, Welker M, Wincheringer D, Zhou Y, Chu HM, Lin C, WeeginkCJ, ReesinkHW, Zeuzem S, Kwong AD (2007) Dynamic HCV genotypic and phenotypic changes in patients treated with the protease inhibitor telaprevir (VX-950). Gastroenterology 132 1767-1777... 

As alluded to already, a major problem inherent in neuropharmacologic research is the lack of phenotypic changes that are clearly associated with treatment response this difficulty is particularly evident for mood-stabilizing agents [9]. In the absence of suitable animal models, studies have attempted to overcome this experimental hurdle by employing paradigms that involve the identification of com-... 

Normally, quiescent platelets freely circulate through the vasculature, reflective of the hemocompatible character of the vascular endothelium and the anti-thrombotic nature of healthy human blood vessels. Traumatic vascular damage incites a spatially and temporally coordinated platelet transformation encompassing several major, sequential phenotypic changes platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix components... 

Both types of mutation result in an altered polypeptide, which, in turn, can have a marked effect on the phenotype of the affected cell. Much use of phenotypic changes is made in mutagenicity tests. 

Examples include myelosuppression, histopathology in immune associated tissues, increased infection, tumors, decreased serum Ig, phenotypic changes in immune cells. 

Vascular plants are known to induce a variety of phenotypic changes in response to damage, including changes in secondary metabolite concentrations. Induced plant responses may lead to increased resistance toward future herbivory if changes have... 

The maintenance of desired phenotypic features over multiple generations will need to be periodically evaluated. If a feature is unstable over the experimental period, it will be necessary to evaluate other clones or generate new clones. If the phenotype changes as a result of multiple subcultures, earlier passages can be thawed (if they have been appropriately generated and stored) and utilized appropriately. Once the immortalized clones have been established and characterized for desired phenotypic features, they can then be used for numerous biochemical, molecular biological, and pharmacological studies. 

As many of the phenotypic changes induced following PhoPQ activation involve host defense peptide resistance characteristics, it is postulated that host defense peptides serve as an endogenous ligand for PhoQ Indeed, the exposure of S. typhimurium to sublethal concentrations of cationic antimicrobial peptides results in activation of the PhoPI regulon and host defense peptide resistance phenotypes. " Supporting... 

Activation of endothelial cells leads to changes in endothehal ceU properties such as loss of vascular integrity, expression of adhesion molecules, antithrombotic to prothrombotic phenotype changes, cytokine production and the upregulation of HLA molecules. All these diverse effects can be attributed to the activation of transcription factors [44]. Of the presently known transcription factors, NFkB is believed to be one of the most important in the regulation of endothehal cell activation. After a stimulus at the cell surface which is caused by e.g. 

Bronmark, C. and Miner, J. G. (1992). Predator-induced phenotypical change in body morphology in Crucian carp. Science 258,1348. 

Positive results from the in vitro mammalian cell transformation test indicate that the test substance produces phenotypic changes in cultured mammalian cells associated with malignant transformation in vivo. None of the in vitro test endpoints has an established mechanistic link with cancer. Some of the test systems are capable of detecting tumor promoters. 

Gingrich JA, Hen R (2000) The broken mouse the role of development, plasticity and environment in the interpretation of phenotypic changes in knockout mice. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10 146-152... 

---