Hierarchically carbon materials

Neocleus, S., et al., Hierarchical carbon nanotube-inorganic hybrid structures involving CNT arrays and CNT fibers. Functional Materials Letters, 2011. 4(1) p. 83-89. 

Designing a specific material architecture. 3D hierarchical carbon [79,80], 3D aperiodic [79,81,82] or highly-ordered hierarchical carbons are representative samples with multimodal pore structure to optimize the performance of the capacitors. The micropore, mesopore and macropore structure of such three-dimensional hierarchical carbons are generally perfectly interconnected. 

Hierarchical TS-1 MFI TBOT Silica sol Carbon-TPABr Carbon material from sucrose carbonization 170 °C, 7 days Wang, 2011 (19)... 

Hard Templating by Carbon Materials The work on carbon templating by Jacobsen and coworkers [156] has stimulated dramatic growth in the synthesis of mesoporous/hierarchical zeolites. This approach uses an excess of zeolite gel inside an inert, mesoporous carbon matrix, wherein the zeohte grows over and... 

Carbon templating offers many possibilities for the synthesis of hierarchical zeolites because of the large availabihty of carbon materials that can be employed. 

Wang, Q., J. Yan, Y. B. Wang et al. 2014. Three-dimensional flower-like and hierarchical porous carbon materials as high-rate performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Carbon 67 119-127. 

Bnmo MM, Coiti HR, Balach J, Cotella NG, Barbero CA (2009) Hierarchical porous materials capillaries in nanoporous carbon. Frmct Mat Lett 2 135-138... 

Carbon materials are organized in a multiscale hierarchical structure built up from subunits from the subnanometer to the millimeter scale in entities, such as crystallites, particles, and 2D and three-dimensional (3D) agglomerates. This multiscale organization can serve as a fingerprint of their preparation conditions (i.e., synthesis, fractioning, and milling) and is also responsible for some of their... 

Nanoporous carbon materials, including black carbons, functionalized carbon, nanostructured carbon, nanostructured diamond like carbon, graphene, N-doped graphene, hierarchical porous carbonaceous foams... 

Wang, D.W. et al. 2008. A 3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Angewandte Chemie, 47, 373-376. 

Cheng, G., Long, D.H., Liu, X.J., and Ling, L.C. Fabrication of hierarchical porous carbide-derived carbons by chlorination of mesoporous titanium carbides. New Carbon Materials 24, 243-249, 2009. 

It is important to note that the commonly used term average pore size is insufficient to describe a complex pore structure, and it is even misleading for many porous materials because it does not reflect (i) the magnitude, and (ii) the modality of the pore size dispersion that is, how narrow the pore size distribution centers around one or several maxima. Only carbons with a very narrow pore size distribution, such as CNTs, some carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), and many template-produced carbons, exhibit a meaningful pore size average, whereas most activated carbons or hierarchic porous materials exhibit a much broader distribution of pore sizes. 

Kosidlo U, et al (2013) Nanocarbon based ionic actuators-a review. Smart Mater Struct 22 104022 Li J, et al (2011) Superfest-response and ultrahigh-power-density electromechanical actuators based on hierarchal carbon nanotube electrodes and chitosan. Nano Lett 11 4636-4641 Lima MD, et al (2012) Electrically, chemically, and photonically powered torsional and tensile actuation of hybrid carbon nanotube yam muscles. Science 338 928-932 Liu Q, et al (2014) Nanostructured carbon materials based electrothermal air pump actuators. Nanoscale 6 6932-6938... 

Several types of conductive nanomaterials have been explored in the constraction of BFCs, and a large emphasis has been placed on carbon materials with nanometric dimensions. Specifically, carbon black nanomaterials (CBNs), graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used to constmct bio-nano interfaces with the intent to optimize ET processes. In this section, these three nanostmctured carbon materials will be briefly discussed, followed by two archetypal carbon assemblies that approach hierarchical stmctures CNT-decorated porous carbon architectures and buckypaper (BP). 

HMC is a very interesting porous carbon material with unique hierarchical macro/mesoporous spherical morphology. HMCs with various core sizes and/or shell thicknesses can be fabricated through the independent control of the core sizes and/or shell thicknesses of the SCMS silica templates [28,62,63], while the micro- and mesoporosity of the HMCs can be controlled to some extent by the source type and amount of carbon precursor incorporated into the SCMS silica template. HMC with different core shapes (non-spherical) have been synthesised through nanocasting techniques [61,64], A key factor for the s)mthesis of HMCs with diverse shapes and sizes lies in the fabrication of SCMS silica replica templates. 

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