Carbon materials nonmetal elements

In common parlance, the term metal is used to refer to two different types of metallic materials metals and alloys. The metals are chemical elements each metal (e.g., copper, iron, and gold) is composed of only one type of atom. The alloys are mixtures that have metallic properties. All alloys include two or more elements in their composition some are made up of two or more metals, others of one or more metals mixed with one or more nonmetals. Bronze, for example, is made up of two metals copper (60-85%) and tin (40-15%) steel includes iron, a metal (98-99.97%) and carbon, a nonmetal (2-0.03%). Metals and alloys share many common properties ... 

The other family of compounds formed when elements combine is the nonmetal compound. Nonmetals are comprised of two or more nonmetal elements combining to form a compound. Nonmetals may be solids, liquids, or gases. The most frequently encountered groups of hazardous materials are made up of just a few nonmetal materials. They are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In elemental form and in compounds, these elements make up the bulk of hazardous materials found by emergency responders in most incidents. In the case of nonmetals, electrons are shared between the nonmetal elements. 

Graphitic and amorphous carbons will not be separately discussed here. Modification of carbon materials mainly includes the following trends introduction of nonmetal elements, introduction of metal elements, surface treatment, mechanochemical methods, and other methods [1]. 

Another type of mixed bond is foimd for some elements in Groups IIIA, IVA, and VA of the periodic table (viz., B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At). Interatomic bonds for these elements are mixtures of metallic and covalent, as noted on Figure 2.25a. These materials are called the metalloids or semi-metals, and their properties are intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. In addition, for Group IV elements, there is a gradual transition from covalent to metallic bonding as one moves vertically down this column—for example, bonding in carbon (diamond) is purely covalent, whereas for tin and lead, bonding is predominantly metallic. 

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