Carbon-based anode materials

With regard to electrode material, it can be seen (Tables 4 and 5) that cathodic limits on mercury are displaced by a few tenths of a volt to more negative potentials than on platinum. On the anodic side, the number of practically useful electrode materials is limited to noble metals and different types of carbon one case (anodic limit of pyridine nos. 35 and 36) shows that the anodic limit is lower on graphite than on platinum, and this seems to be a general trend for the comparison of carbon based anode materials, except possibly for vitreous carbon (Table 5) and bright (smooth, polished or shiny) platinum. 

The irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle of carbon-based anode materials through consumption of a considerable amount of lithium is detrimental to the specific energy of the whole cell and has to be minimized for optimum cell... 

Hayes, S., van WiiUen, L., Eckert, H., Even, W.R., Crocker, R.W., and Zhang, Z. Solid-state NMR strategies for the structural investigation of carbon-base anode materials. Chem. Mater. 1997 9 901-911. 

Liu, Y Harnisch, F., Schroder, U., Fricke, K., Climent, V., and Feliu, J.M. (2010) The study of electrochemically active mixed culture microbial biofilms on different carbon-based anode materials. Biosensors Bioelectronics, 25, 2167-2171. 

Y. Liu, F. Hamisch, K. Fricke, U. Schroder, V. Climent and J.M. Feliu, The study of electrochemically active microbial biofilms on different carbon-based anode materials in microbial fuel cells. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25,2010,2167-2171. 

Carbon coated Si-based anode materials were successfully synthesized by chemical vapor deposition methods. Coated materials performed well during the coin cell testing. Future work on this section... 

SEI through reductive decomposition of the bis (oxalate) borate anion [103, 104]. Monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) can improve the cycling performance of Si-based anode material due to the generation of a more fluorinated SEI layer and inhibition of LiF production [104, 105]. Tris (pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) also was reported as an electrolyte additive for silicon thin-fihn electrode due to the formation of stable SEI, which therefore suppresses the surface pulverization [106]. The same research group also disclosed another additive, succinic anhydride (SA), as an electrolyte additive for sihcon thin-fihn electrode. Similar mechanism was proposed by the authors that addition S A can prevent the decomposition of LiPFg salt the Si surface and an SEI layer with higher hydrocarbon and LijCOs contents is formed on the Si surface [107]. 

A typical commercial lithium-ion battery system consists of a carbonaceous anode, an organic electrolyte that acts as an ionic path between electrodes and separates the two electrode materials, and a transition metal oxide (such as LiCoOa, LiMu204, and LiNiOa) cathode. Recently a variety of novel LIB components have been proposed, like tin-based alloys and disordered carbons as anode materials, and modifications to the conventional transition metal-oxide cathode made by coating it with metal-oxide nanoparticles, most of which are discussed in detail in this book. 

Polymeric anodes are a different type of carbon-based anodes consisting of flexible wire anodes with a copper core surrounded by a polymeric material that is impregnated with carbon. The impregnated carbon is gradually consumed in the conversion to carbon dioxide, with ultimate failure by perforation of the copper strand. The anodes... 

The nature of the SEI, which is dependent upon the nature of the electrolyte and the nature and composition of the solvent components is a crucial issue governing the performance of both hard and soft carbon anode materials as discussed above. The determination of individual processes which limit the low temperature curabilities of carbon-based anodes is complex, but experiments have been designed to identify, at least qualitatively, individual mechanisms relating to dissolution or growth of the SEI, Li(m) deposition, or to slow electrode kinetics and/or slow solid-state diffusion. In "half-cells" of the type... 

The need for better performing and secure anodic materials in lithium-ion batteries compared with those based on carbon, has boosted research in various domains. Lithium/post-transition element (Al, Si, Sn, Sb...) binary systems have been widely investigated. Owing to the numerous intermetallic compounds that... 

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