Macroporous carbon materials three-dimensional

In principle, the morphology of macroporous carbon materials is largely dependent on the degree of void infiltration of the opal template. In order to maximise the filling of the interstitial voids of the colloid crystal with carbon precursors, liquid phase carbon precursors such as phenolic resin and sucrose solution are usually used to achieve better replication.1 2 -194] variety of carbon precursors, including propylene gas, benzene and divinylbenzene can also be successfully utilised to make three-dimensional macroporous carbon materials using colloid crystals as hard templates. The... 

The use of dual templating strategies to synthesise three-dimensional macroporous carbon materials has been explored by the groups of Zhao and of Stein. In this case, the two templates play different roles ... 

Designing a specific material architecture. 3D hierarchical carbon [79,80], 3D aperiodic [79,81,82] or highly-ordered hierarchical carbons are representative samples with multimodal pore structure to optimize the performance of the capacitors. The micropore, mesopore and macropore structure of such three-dimensional hierarchical carbons are generally perfectly interconnected. 

In this section, three case examples taken as representative for the development of different types of pores in carbon materials will be described. The first example to be considered constitutes a model for development of extrinsic nanopores by air oxidation. The second one concerns macropore development by graphite exfoliation. The third case example deals with intrinsic, two-dimensional slit pores formed between neighboring graphite layers by intercalation. 

Sen T, Tiddy GJT, Casci JL, Anderson MW (2004) Synthesis and characterization of hierarchically ordered porous silica materials. Chem Mater 16 2044 Deng Y, Liu C, Yu T, Liu F, Zhang F, Wan Y, Zhang L, Wang C, Tu B, Webley PA, Wang H, Zhao D (2007) Facile synthesis of hierarchically porous carbons from dual colloidal crystal/block copolymer template approach. Chem Mater 19 3271 Luo Q, Li L, Yang B, Zhao D (2000) Three-dimensional ordered macroporous structures with mesoporous silica walls. Chem Lett 29 378... 

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