Graphitic carbon materials

Non-graphitic carbon materials that can be obtained from synthetic polymers by pyrolysis are of particular interest. The capacities of carbonaceous materials are summarized in Table 8.11. 

L. Chen et al., Mechanistic study on hydrogen spillover onto graphitic carbon materials. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 18995 (2007)... 

Chlorinated aliphatic compounds were dechlorinated even in water by electrochemical reduction on a Zn-modified carbon cloth cathode consisting of partly amorphous and partly graphitized carbon material with 10 wt.% Zn [9]. This electrode has good adsorption properties, conductivity, and stability in different solvents, allowing the combination of both adsorption and... 

Furthermore, the preparation of graphitic carbon materials requires high-temperature treatment, which is disadvantageous in production cost. The nongraphitic carbon obtained at around... 

It is interesting to note that conventional carbon black supports promote the formation of peroxide, which then decomposes into radicals that attack the membrane. However, the role of graphitized carbon materials (such as CNTs) in peroxide formation is less clear. Smalley suggested that the curvy graphitic structure of CNTs deactivates free radicals by stabilizing them through enhanced delocalization. It would be worthwhile to determine whether the formation and fate of peroxide is any different between the carbon black and the CNT. At any rate, it is well known that the rate of formation of peroxide is greatly reduced by elimination of the carbon black support. Evidence of this is clear from the work we have done on carbonless electrodes (PTFE-bonded Pt black electrodes) and those with a hybrid structure. - " ... 

Carbon materials have been used widely in the development of sensors and actuators, particularly for electrical or electrochemical biosensors. These applications critically rely on the unique chemical and electrical properties of specific carbon materials [1,2]. It is quite common that similar carbon materials present drastically different properties in the literature. The goal of this chapter is to describe the atomic structures of each carbon material and correlate these structures with their properties so that discrepancies in the literature can be understood. Readers can then optimize the material properties for specific sensing applications by tuning carbon structures. This is particularly important for graphitic carbon materials, which present inherent highly anisotropic properties. 

Next to MALDI-MS, the use of ESt-MS is important in oligosaccharide and glycan characterization, especially because it can be combined with on-line LC separation of complex mixtures. The most important LC methods in glycan and oligosaccharide separation are HILIC [184], HPAEC, and, after derivatization by reductive amination with 2-aminobenzamide or 2-aminoacridone, RPLC on either Cjg or porous graphitized carbon materials [185]. 

Wang, D.W. et al. 2008. A 3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Angewandte Chemie, 47, 373-376. 

Polymer carbon is a non graphitizing carbon material consisting of polyaromatic gra-phite-like carbon layers in which the extremely strong C/C- bonds are reflected in mechanical bulk properties. The very low shear modulus as known for crystalline graphite is avoided however, by structural arrangement of the layer bundles and by cross linkages between them. Chemists and ma-... 

In the electrodes for PAFC, the Vulcan XC-72 carbon black is most widely used catalyst support material [95]. The oxidation of Vulcan carbon black in the presence of phosphoric acid at 191 °C showed that the disordered central part of carbon particles was oxidized while the outer crystalline part remained intact [96]. Among the attempts to improve the oxidation resistance of Vulcan carbon black, the most widely used method is the heat treatment which increases the level of graphitization on the carbon surface [97]. The heat treatment of Vulcan carbon black at the temperature of 2200 °C which reduced the surface area of Vulcan from 240 to 80 m /g improved oxidation resistance more than twofold [98, 99]. Other highly graphitic carbon materials such as CNT [100] and graphene [101] have been used as support materials because of their high surface area and electrical conductivity. When selecting the carbonsupport material, the oxidation resistance is the critical property for carbon supports to enhance the durability of HT-PEMFC MEAs however, the surface area, shape, and size of support material should also be considered to achieve the desired dispersion of Pt particles as well as the pore structure within the catalyst layer. 

In Li-ion batteries, carbonaceous anodes are the most common commercial anode due to its superior reliability. In addition to graphite, a variety of non-graphitic carbon materials, such as carbon nanombes [151], mesoporous carbon [177], non-graphitic hard carbons [19], and other composite carbon materials, [145] are... 

PS CTOss-linked under UV irradiation pyrolyzed at elevated temperatures results in semi-graphitic carbon materials. Both amphiphilic block copolymers that micellize in water (PEO-b-PS) and brushes with PMMA backbones and PS-b-PAA SCs were used to template these nanocarbon stractures.Well-defined nanostractured carbon was prepared by pyrolysis of core cross-linked micelles formed from block copolymers containing PS segments. 

Since the development of the lithium-ion battery, negative electrode materials that have been investigated include graphitic carbon materials, amorphous carbon materials, nitrides, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, new alloys, nano-oxides, and other materials. Ideally, negative electrode materials should have these characteristics ... 

Graphitic carbon materials include artificial graphite, graphitic MCMBs, graphitic carbon fibers, and modified natural graphite. Other graphitic carbons manufactured from polymers are not discussed here since they are rarely applied for lithium-ion batteries. 

Among the above graphitic carbon materials, cycling performance of graphite is very good, which is perhaps due to the movability of graphene molecules since there are not sp -hybridized carbon atoms. Further improvements will be expounded in Section 7.7. 

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