Nitrogen-doped carbon materials

A. Badzian, T. Badzian, E. Brevel, A. Piotrowski, Nanostructured nitrogen -doped carbon materials for hydrogen storage. Thin Solid Films, 398-399 (2001) 170-174. 

Non platinum metal catalysts such as for example pyrolyzed complexes of cobalt or iron or other nitrogen doped carbon materials have also been investigated for the oxygen reduction reaction [51, 52], however have not found widespread use today. 

Paraknowitsch JP, Thomas A, Antonietti M (2010) A detailed view on the polycondensation of ionic liquid monomers towards nitrogen doped carbon materials. J Mater Chem 20 6746-6758... 

While some metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon materials are at least to some degree capable of catalyzing the ORR on their own [61], an addition of transition metal(s) appears necessary for achieving high catalytic activity and improved durability of heat-treated NPMCs [62, 63]. The influence of different transition metal ions on... 

Besides the work of Ozkan and Popov s groups and the work of the Japanese consortium, other authors also defended the same view as Wiesener that of a CNx catalytic site for ORR. Their results will now be summarized. It should be stressed that among these authors, some have made a particular effort to avoid any metal trace in the synthesis of their catalysts in order to determine the true ORR activity of the nitrogen-doped carbon materials. Their results will be presented first, followed by the results of authors using either Fe- or Co-containing molecules in the synthesis of their N-doped carbon catalysts. 

Xia Y, Mokaya R. Synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon and nitrogen-doped carbon materials with graphitic pore walls via a simple chemical vapor deposition method. Adv Mater 2004 16 1553-8. 

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials shows good catalysts support in terms of catalytic activity and stability [18,19]. A graphitic carbon nitride with three-dimensionally extended highly ordered pore arrays has been reported as a support for a Pt-Ru alloy catalyst of a DMFC anode. The nanostructured C3N4 has 73-83% higher power density than Vulcan XC-72, a commercial carbon black. 

In addition to several partly successful approaches that have been studied to resolve high Pt content and insufficient activity and stability (cf. review ), in the quest of cost-effective ORR electrocatalysts, a strategy has been explored that rests on the active center of nitrogen-coordinated transition metals, that is, MN (M=Fe, Co x=2,4) examples include nonprecious transition-metal macrocycles and nitrogen-doped carbon materials. However, quite a few of these nonprecious electrocatalysts show the activity close or equivalent to the typical Pt/C in acid media—even with... 

Liu J, Czerw R, Carroll DL (2005a) Large-scale synthesis of highly aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes by injection chemical vapor deposition methods. Journal of Materials Research 20 538-543. 

Misra A, Tyagi PK, Singh MK, Misra DS (2006) FTIR studies of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes. Diamond and Related Materials 15 385-388. 

C. Morant, J. Andrey, P. Prieto, D. Mendiola, ).M. Sanz, E. Elizalde, XPS characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes., Physica Status Solidi a-Applications and Materials Science, vol. 203, pp. 1069-1075, 2006. 

Chapter 6 provides an extensive review of the uses of carbon as a catalyst, with particnlar emphasis being placed on cases in which active sites have been properly identified and activity correlations established. The special case of nitrogen-doped carbons and their catalytic activity in oxidation reactions is discussed in Chapter 7, and Chapter 8 covers the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts by anchoring transition-metal complexes onto the snrface of suitable carbon materials. 

Lang, J. W., X. B. Yan, W. W. Liu, R. T. Wang, and Q. J. Xue. 2012. Influence of nitric acid modification of ordered mesoporous carbon materials on their capacitive performances in different aqueous electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources 204 220-229. Wang, D. W., F. Li, L. C. Yin et al. 2012. Nitrogen-doped carbon monolith for alkaline supercapacitors and understanding nitrogen-induced redox transitions. Chemistry -A European Journal 18 5345-5351. 

Chen, L. F., Z. H. Huang, H. W. Liang, W. T. Yao, Z. Y. Yu, and S. H. Yu. 2013. Flexible all-solid-state high-power supercapacitor fabricated with nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrode material derived from bacterial cellulose. Energy Environmental Science 6 3331-3338. 

The application of ILs as carbon precursors is an attractive field within the research area of carbon chemistry. Nitrile-containing task-specific ILs and DESs are a promising class of monomers for the synthesis of carbonaceous materials. The architecture of TSlLs allows for a wide combination of nitrile-modified cations and anions, tailoring the properties of the resulting porous solids. The attractive properties of IL-derived nitrogen-doped carbons make them a promising material for potential application in CO2 separation from flue gas. 

CoSe2 nanomaterials have also been prepared as catalysts for nitrogen doped carbons as low cost materials. The carbon supports were synthesised by pyrolysis of vulcan, which was coated with carbon and nitrogen precursors with formaldehyde and ethylene diamine or 1,6-diaminohexane being the carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. To load the CoSca layer dicobalt octacarbonyl and nitrogen doped carbon were mixed with 200 ml dehydrated jylene. The carbonyl sol was then refluxed for 2 h at 140 °C in a four neck flask with nitrogen protection. 

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