Carbonate fuel cell Materials

Yuh A, Farooque M, (2002). Carbonate fuel cell materials. Advanced Materials and Processes, 160 31... 

Yuh C, Johnsen R, Farooque M and Maru H (1995), Status of carbonate fuel cell materials , / Power Sources, 56,1-10. 

Yuh C, Farooque M (2009) Fuel cells— molten carbonate fuel cells materials and life considerations. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources 497-507. doi 10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00270-7... 

C. Yuh, M. Farooque, Carbonate Fuel Cell Materials, m Advanced Materials and Processes, ]o xmdi published by the American Society of Materials, July, 2002. 

Wen T.L., Hebert V., Vilminot S., Bernier C. Preparation of nanosized yttria-stabilized zirconia powders and their characterization. J. Mater. Sci. 1991 26 3787-3791 Xia X., Shen L.L., Guo Z.P., Liu H.K., Walter G. Nanocrystalline a-Ni(OH)2 prepared by ultrasonic precipitation. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2002 2 45-46 Yeager H.L. Transport properties ofperfluorosulfonate polymer membranes. In ACS Symposium Series 180, Perfluorinated lonomer Membranes, Eisenberg A., Yeager H.L., eds. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1982, pp. 41-63 Yuri C., Johnsen R., Farooque M., Mam H. Status of carbonate fuel cell materials. J. Power Sources 1995 56 1-6... 

The present day carbonate fuel cell materials design is based on intensive materials research carried out during the last three decades including in-cell/out-of-cell endurance test results and cost considerations. A discussion of various carbonate fuel cell component designs and improvement opportunities is presented below and additional details can be found in carbonate fuel cell literature (Hoffman 2003). 

Yuh, C., Johnsen, R., Farooque, M. and Maru, H. Status of Carbonate Fuel Cell Materials , Journal of Power Sources, 56, pp. 1-10 (1995). 

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell. The electrolyte ia the MCFC is usually a combiaation of alkah (Li, Na, K) carbonates retaiaed ia a ceramic matrix of LiA102 particles. The fuel cell operates at 600 to 700°C where the alkah carbonates form a highly conductive molten salt and carbonate ions provide ionic conduction. At the operating temperatures ia MCFCs, Ni-based materials containing chromium (anode) and nickel oxide (cathode) can function as electrode materials, and noble metals are not required. 

K. Hoshino, T. Kohno, Central Research Institute, Mitsubishi Material Co., "Development of Copper Base Anodes for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells," in The International Fuel Cell Conference Proceedings, NEDO/MITI, Tokyo, Japan, Pgs. I69-I72, 1992. 

Besmann, T. M., J. J. Henry, Jr., E. Lara-Curzio, et al. 2003. Optimization of a carbon composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cells. Materials Research Society Proceedings 756 F7.1.1-F7.1.7. 

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell The electrolyte in the MCFC is a mixture of lithium/potassium or lithium/sodium carbonates, retained in a ceramic matrix of lithium aluminate. The carbonate salts melt at about 773 K (932°F), allowing the cell to be operated in the 873 to 973 K (1112 to 1292°F) range. Platinum is no longer needed as an electrocatalyst because the reactions are fast at these temperatures. The anode in MCFCs is porous nickel metal with a few percent of chromium or aluminum to improve the mechanical properties. The cathode material is hthium-doped nickel oxide. 

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) materials problems and life operates best at 550 °C... 

First, we will refer to the direct use of hydrocarbon fuels in an SOFC as direct utilization rather than direct oxidation. Second, we recognize that the broadest definition of direct utilization, exclusive from mechanistic considerations, should include rather conventional use of fuel by internal reforming, with steam being cofed to the fuel cell with the hydrocarbon. Indeed, this nomenclature has been used for many years with molten-carbonate fuel cells. However, because internal reforming is essentially limited to methane and because the addition of steam with the fuel adds significant system complexity, we will focus primarily on systems and materials in which the hydrocarbons are fed to the fuel cell directly without significant amounts of water or oxygen. 

Considerable work in the area of general research on fuel cells, materials and components was reported by Australia, where the government-sponsored fuel cell R D program has made efficiency improvements in fuel cell electrodes by the formation of platinum nano-clusters in porous carbon by high density plasma sputter mechanisms. Initial experiments on the plasma sputter deposition of platinum onto a porous film has shown great promise and aggregates of platinum were detected in the film with a density profile which decreased away from the surface exposed to the plasma. 

Chapters I to III introduce the reader to the general problems of fuel cells. The nature and role of the electrode material which acts as a solid electrocatalyst for a specific reaction is considered in chapters IV to VI. Mechanisms of the anodic oxidation of different fuels and of the reduction of molecular oxygen are discussed in chapters VII to XII for the low-temperature fuel cells and the strong influence of chemisorhed species or oxide layers on the electrode reaction is outlined. Processes in molten carbonate fuel cells and solid electrolyte fuel cells are covered in chapters XIII and XIV. The important properties of porous electrodes and structures and models used in the mathematical analysis of the operation of these electrodes are discussed in chapters XV and XVI. 

Lim and Winnick [110] examined removal of H2S from a simulated hot coal-gas stream fed to the cathode while elemental sulfur gas was evolved at the anode. This process was performed in a cell that was similar in construction to a molten carbonate fuel cell (Fig. 23). The electrolyte was a mixture of Na2S and Li2S retained in a porous inert matrix material (MgO). The cathodic reaction involved the two-electron reduction of hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen (information on the equilibrium potential for H2S reduction can be obtained from [111] ... 

A remarkable difference in the Pt spectra of oxide- and carbon-supported platinum is especially clear for the 2.5-nm sample the fuel cell material shows much less intensity at the bulk resonance position (1.138 G/kHz). A similar difference is shown by the spectrum for the 2.0-nm sample. In terms of the NMR layer model, this comparison means that the healing length is larger in the carbon-supported material. It is not clear whether this result is related to the conducting nature of the carrier or to the presence of the electrolyte comparisons between wet and dry samples are needed. 

Wendt, H. Boehme, O. Leidich, F.U. Brenscheidt, T. Materials and production technologies of molten carbonate fuel cells. In Proceedings—Electrochemical Society, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology, 1993 Vol. 93-3, 485-495. 

Giorgi, L. Moreno, A. Pozio, A. Simonetti, E. Cathode materials for molten carbonate fuel cells. In Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology, Proceedings Electrochemical Society, 1999 Vol. 99-20, 265-286. 

Giorgi, L. Carewska, M. Scaccia, S. Simonetti, E. Giacometti, E. Tulli, R. Development of molten carbonate fuel cell using novel cathode material. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 1996, 21 (6), 491-496. 

Bohme, O. Leidich, F.U. Salge, H.J. Wendt, H. Development of materials and production technologies for molten carbonate fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 1994, 19 (4), 349-355. 

Arendt, R.H. Alternate matrix materials for molten carbonate fuel cell electrolyte structures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1982, 129 (5), 979-983. 

Tanimoto, K. Miyazaki, Y. Yanagida, M. Tanase, S. Kojima, T. Okuyama, H. Kodama, T. Alternative matrix materials for molten carbonate fuel cell. Denki Kagaku 1990, 41 (2), 51-55. 

Shoji, C. Matsuo, T. Suzuki, A. Yamamasu, Y. Development of electrolyte plate for molten carbonate fuel cell. In Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion II— Batteries, Capacitors and Fuel Cells, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1998 Vol. 496, 211-216. 

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