Carbon structures with

Presently and for the near future, the greatest demand during development and production of electrochemical capacitors will lie in the sphere of optimization of the highly conductive micronized carbon structures, with modified surfaces against oxidation. 

X-ray diffraction studies suggested a disordered carbon structure with a large number of single layer carbon sheets. 

Zakhidov, A. A., Baughman, R., Iqbal, Z., Cui, C., Khayrullin, I., Dantas, S.O., Marti, J., and Ralchenko, V.G. Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths. Science 282, 1998 897-901. 

It is established, that during the carbonization of systems HC- salt of metal of ferrous subgroup the reducing of the salts to the free metals take place. These highly disperse metals catalyze (at definite THT) the processes of carbon structuring with formation of different phases of ordered carbon. On literary data... 

Recently, Schulten et al.(42,45) have proposed a new model for humic substances in soil based partly on NMR data but mostly on pyrolysis studies. This model proposes that the core structure of humic acids is alkyl-aromatic and alkyl-poly-aromatic. The lack of oxygen functionality and the fact that pyrolysis data for highly oxygenated humic acids may be biased in favor of more volatile alkyl-aromatics dictates that the model needs extreme revision or is simply incorrect. The recent studies of Saiz-Jimenez et d, (44) and Hatcher et al.(5 ) appear to refute the original model presented by Schulten et al.( 7) The NMR data appears to be in accord with the model presented by Schulten et al.( 7), however, NMR does not represent carbon structures with specific molecular-level detail. It only provides average information with a sometimes added benefit of added fine structure. 

Zakhidov, A.A. et al.. Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths. Science, 282, 897, 1998. 

The decomposition of methane on a catalyst (with rare earth or transition metal oxides as suitable components) at 1100 C provides spherical carbon structures with a rather uniform diameter of ca. 210nm. These are, however, not classical carbon onions as the individual shells are not closed. They are rather objects made from graphitic units stacked up one over another that, to some extent, resemble classical soot particles. 

Samples of carbon structures with the linear chains as carbine (Fig. 3), which were made in Institute of Adsorbents of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are studied. The separate carbine strings with length of 0.5-1 cm, an interlacing of strings (garrot) and garrot of strings in the pressed kind were used. 

Even though this issue has not been completely solved yet, research is ongoing in this field. It is likely that various active sites exist, some of them with a central metal ion, some of them metal free, consisting of nitrogen embedded into the carbon structure. With detailed evidence still missing, it is not unlikely that the metal-containing centers are of high activity in both alkaline and acid media, whereas the metal-free ones seem to be mainly active in alkaline media. 

Eigure 2.7 shows the FESEM images of porous carbons prepared at 1000°C using different mass ratios of sucrose to zeolite NaY template [77]. As can be seen, proper control of this ratio (R) allowed us to obtain carbon structures with... 

The colloidal-crystal-templating approach offers yet another new approach to preparing 3-D macroporous solid materials [6,17]. Spherical colloidal particles of submicrometer size can self-organize themselves into a colloidal crystal, the so-called opal [64], which can be utilized as an endotemplate to fabricate ordered macroporous carbons of two types volume-templated carbon, which is an exact inverse replica of the opal template, and surface-templated carbon, which is formed by coating the colloidal spheres. Zakhidov et al. [64] were the first to use colloidal crystals as templates to prepare highly ordered 3-D macroporous carbon of both types. As schematically illustrated in Figure 2.39, for the volume-templat-ing approach, a carbon precursor is infiltrated into interstitial spaces between colloidal spheres. Carbonization and removal of the opal template leave behind a 3-D periodic carbon structure (i.e., an inverse carbon). With this approach, macroporous carbon structures with a wide range of pore sizes have been produced. 

Figure 5.8 Octopus carbon. A carbon structure with more fibres from one nickel crystal. Bernardo etal. [49]. Reproduced with the permission ofElsevier.

To simplify our discussion of a broad field, we adopt the earlier proposed nomenclature to describe all hollow tube-like carbon structures with at least one dimension of 100 nm or less as CNTs. Likewise, we describe all solid fiber-like carbon structures with at least one dimension of 100 nm or less as CNFs. Albeit, the reader should note where indicated that distinct differences in CNT structure give distinguishing properties. 

Cheng, R, Wang, S., Lu, A.H., Li, W.C. 2013. immobilization of nanosized LiFeP04 spheres by 3D coralloid carbon structure with large pore volume and thin walls for high power lithium ion batteries. l owerSourc. 229 249-257. 

Electro-deposition Electro-deposition as described by Taylor et al. (1992) and Gottesfeld and Zawodzinski (1997) involves impregnation of the porous carbon structure with ionomer, exchange of the cations in the ionomer by a cationic complex of platinum and electrodeposition of platinum from this complex onto the carbon support. This results in deposition of platinum only at sites that are accessed effectively by both carbon and ionomer. 

Krejsa and Koenig studied the behavior of the sulfur crosslinked carbons using A(-r-butyl-2-benzothiazole (TBBS) with conventional, semi-efficient, and efficient formulations [67], C NMR was used to follow the nature of the crosslinked carbon structures with increasing cure time. At low cure states, polysulfide crosslinked peaks at 38 and 51 ppm appeared. As these resonances decreased in intensity, new resonances appeared at 44,57,64,17, 14, and 12 ppm. The majority of the later peaks are... 

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