Carbon-based hybrid materials

The first commercial lithium-ion cell containing a carbon based hybrid material is the Sony Nexelion cell which was introduced in 2006.30 Nexelion cells contain a graphite/cobalt-doped amorphous tin hybrid electrode. Batteries of this cell type are used in video cameras which require high energy density but can accept the lower cycling stability of the Nexelion batteries compared to conventional lithium-ion battery systems. 

Felekis, T.A., and Tagmatarchis, N. (2005) Single-walled carbon nanotube-based hybrid materials for managing charge transfer processes. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 10, 272-276. 

The work on carbon nitride solids is strongly related to research on diamondlike carbon (DLC) materials [5, 6]. DLC materials are thin film amorphous metastable carbon-based solids, pure or alloyed with hydrogen, which have properties similar to that of crystalline diamond (high hardness, low friction coefficient, high resistance to wear and chemical attack). This resemblance to diamond is due to the DLC structure, which is characterized by a high fraction of highly cross-linked sp -hybridized carbon atoms. To obtain this diamond-like structure... 

For more efficient utilization of MOFs sorbents, several hybrid systems based on MOFs with other solid sorbents have been investigated in the literature. The objective of having hybrid materials is to utilize the synergism between the two sorbents and therefore ultimately improve the overall performance in C02 separation. Moreover, sorbents such as activated carbons, graphenes, and CNTs provide the added feature of high surface area and easily functionalized sites which contribute to the tuning of the final properties of the composite... 

Lu, L., et al., Highly stable air working bimorph actuator based on a graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode. Advanced Materials, 2012. 24(31) p. 4317-4321. 

This chapter deals with the potential and perspective of CNT-based carbon and inorganic hybrid materials for battery and capacitor applications. 

Carbon-based nanocomposite concepts have been successfully developed to limit or reduce these adverse effects and at the same time enhance the electron or ion transport [8]. CNT is an ideal building block in the carbon-inorganic composite/hybrid due to its mechanical, physical, chemical properties as mentioned above. CNTs are apparently superior to other carbonaceous materials such as graphite or amorphous carbon and are more adaptable to the homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles than other carbonaceous materials [36],... 

CNT-based inorganic hybrid materials are part of carbon-based inorganic hybrid materials as anodic electrodes in LIBs. The concept has been proven to be successful at least at laboratory scale, and is promising as a potential alternative to replace graphite-based anodes. However, little is known about the interface structure between CNT and the supported active materials, and thus the electron transfer between the two components. More detailed fundamental research on the interface and interaction between CNTs and active materials at atomic level is needed for a better understanding of the abovementioned improvement. 

While polymers most commonly consist of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, hybrid materials containing metals or other elements represent an important class of materials [76-78]. Hybrid materials too have been used as hyperbranched grafts. Two examples of such materials are described here. The first is a polysiloxane graft. The second is a dendritic coordination polymer based on a thermally and oxygen stable Pd(II) pincer complex [79]. 

Carbon-based sorbents are relatively new materials for the analysis of noble metal samples of different origin [78-84]. The separation and enrichment of palladium from water, fly ash, and road dust samples on oxidized carbon nanotubes (preconcentration factor of 165) [83] palladium from road dust samples on dithiocarbamate-coated fullerene Cso (sorption efficiency of 99.2 %) [78], and rhodium on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with polyacrylonitrile (preconcentration factor of 120) [80] are examples of the application of various carbon-based sorbents for extraction of noble metals from environmental samples. Sorption of Au(III) and Pd(ll) on hybrid material of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted with polypropylene amine dendrimers prior to their determination in food and environmental samples has recently been described [84]. Recent application of ion-imprinted polymers using various chelate complexes for SPE of noble metals such as Pt [85] and Pd [86] from environmental samples can be mentioned. Hydrophobic noble metal complexes undergo separation by extraction under cloud point extraction systems, for example, extraction of Pt, Pd, and Au with N, A-dihexyl-A -benzylthiourea-Triton X-114 from sea water and dust samples [87]. 

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