Lithium batteries, rechargeable

A second type of soHd ionic conductors based around polyether compounds such as poly(ethylene oxide) [25322-68-3] (PEO) has been discovered (24) and characterized. These materials foUow equations 23—31 as opposed to the electronically conducting polyacetylene [26571-64-2] and polyaniline type materials. The polyethers can complex and stabilize lithium ions in organic media. They also dissolve salts such as LiClO to produce conducting soHd solutions. The use of these materials in rechargeable lithium batteries has been proposed (25). 

A second class of important electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries are soHd electrolytes. Of particular importance is the class known as soHd polymer electrolytes (SPEs). SPEs are polymers capable of forming complexes with lithium salts to yield ionic conductivity. The best known of the SPEs are the lithium salt complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) [25322-68-3] (PEO), —(CH2CH20) —, and poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] (PPO) (11—13). Whereas a number of experimental battery systems have been constmcted using PEO and PPO electrolytes, these systems have not exhibited suitable conductivities at or near room temperature. Advances in the 1980s included a new class of SPE based on polyphosphazene complexes suggesting that room temperature SPE batteries may be achievable (14,15). 

The most important rechargeable lithium batteries are those using a soHd positive electrode within which the lithium ion is capable of intercalating. These intercalation, or insertion, electrodes function by allowing the interstitial introduction of the LE ion into a host lattice (16,17). The general reaction can be represented by the equation ... 

S. Hossain, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (Ambient temperature) , in Handbook of Batteries, 2nd edition, D. Linden, McGraw-Hill Inc. (1995). 

Apart from the improvement and scaling up of known systems such as the lead accumulator or the nickel/cadmium cell, new types of cells have also been developed. Here, rechargeable lithium batteries and nickel-systems seem to be the most promising the reason for this will be apparent from the following sections [3]. 

Table 1. Theoretical capacities, rechargeable capacities, average operating voltages, and energy densities of secondary lithium batteries with insertion materials...

Beginning in the early 1980s [20, 21] metallic lithium was replaced by lithium insertion materials having a lower standard redox potential than the positive insertion electrode this resulted in a "Li-ion" or "rocking-chair" cell with both negative and positive electrodes capable of reversible lithium insertion (see recommended papers and review papers [7, 10, 22-28]). Various insertion materials have been proposed for the anode of rechargeable lithium batteries,... 

The superiority of LiAsF6 in ether based solvents (2-Me-THF, THF, MeF) at lithium electrodes is an example of the formation of useful protecting films (As, Li2 As, Li (AsFv) allowing uniform lithium deposition [195], According to Aur-bach and co-workers, LiAsF6/2 - Me -THF is a highly suitable electrolyte for rechargeable lithium batteries. However, as 2-Me-THF is one of the least reactive sol-... 

Battery technology continues to advance at a steady pace. Lithium batteries and nickel-metal-hydride batteries are now commonplace. These new rechargeable batteries eliminate the need for toxic cadmium and store more energy per unit mass. The detailed chemistry that underlies the newest advances in battery technology involves principles that are beyond the scope of an introductory course. 

Principles of the (Thin Film) Rechargeable Lithium Battery... 

Path A, Path V, Shin DW, Choi JW, Paik DS, Yoon SJ (2008) Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries. Mater Res Bull 43 1913-1942 Jones SD, Akridge JR (1996) A microfabricated solid-state secondary Li battery. Solid State Ionics 86-88 1291-1294... 

Skundin, A. M., O. N. Efimov, and O. V. Yarmolenko, The state-of-the-art and prospects for the development of rechargeable lithium batteries, Russ. Chem. Rev., 71, 329 (2002). Vincent, C. A., and B. Scrosati, Modem Batteries An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources, Edward Arnold, London, 1997. 

METALLIC LITHIUM AS ANODE MATERIAL IN RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES... 

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