Carbon nanotube-reinforced composites composite materials

Laha, T. Agarwal, A. McKechnie, T. Seal, S. (2004). Synthesis and Characterization of Plasma Spray Formed Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Composite. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 381, No. 1-2, pp. 249-258, ISSN 09215093... 

Tan, H., Jiang, L. Y, Huang, Y, Liu, B., and Hwang, K. C. The effect of van der Waals-based interface cohesive law on carbon nanotube-reinforced composite materials. Composites Science and Technology, 67,2941-2946 (2007). 

Chung S, Makhar S, Adder H, Park S (2006) Material characterization of carbon-nanotube-reinforced polymer composite. Electron Mater Lett 2(3) 175-181... 

Improvements in friction and wear have also been reported with carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites (Igarashi et al., 2005). This is due to both increases in strength of the material and the modification of the transfer layer by fragments of nanotube which can reduce friction. There is an optimum nanotube composition (Cai et al., 2004) typically about 10% by weight, for the best wear performance (Werner et al., 2004). 

Seidel, G. D., Lagoudas, D. C. Micromechanical analysis of the effective elastic properties of carbon nanotube reinforced composites, Mech of Mater, 2006, 38,884-907. Z. Hashin and, B. Rosen. The elastic moduli of fiber-reinforced materials. 1964, Journal of Applied Mechanics 31,223-232. 

CNTs can enhance the thermal properties of CNT-polymer nanocomposites. The reinforcing function is closely associated with the amount and alignment of CNTs in the composites. Well-dispersed and long-term stable carbon nanotubes/ polymer composites own higher modulus and better thermal property as well as better electronic conductivity (Valter et al., 2002 Biercuk et al., 2002). Both SWNT and MWNT can improve the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of polymer, the polymer-CNT composites can be used for fabricating resistant-heat materials. 

Figure 29. Fiuman osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in cultures on material surfaces modified with carbon nanoparticles. A fullerene Cgo layers deposited on carbon fibre-reinforced carbon composites (CFRC), B fullerene C o layers deposited on microscopic glass coverslips, C terpolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride and polypropylene, mixed with 4% of single-wall carbon nanohorns, D the same terpolymer with high crystalline electric arc multi-wall nanotubes, E diamond layer with hierarchically organized micro- and nanostmcture deposited on a Si substrate, F nanocrystalline diamond layer on a Si substrate. Standard control cell culture substrates were represented by a PS culture dish (G) and microscopic glass coverslip (FI). Immunofluorescence staining on day 2 (A) or 3 (B-Fl) after seeding, Olympus epifluorescence microscope IX 50, digital camera DP 70, obj. 20x, bar 100 pm (A, C, D, G,H)or 200 pm (B, E, F) [16].

Balazsi, C., Konya, Z., Weber, F., Biro, L.P. and Arato, P., Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride composites , Materials Science and Engineering, C Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 2003, C23, 1133-1137. 

A.B. Sulong, J. Park, N. Lee, and J. Goak, Wear behavior of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 40 (21), 1947-1960,2006. 

Metal matrix nanocomposites are those having metal as the continuous phase or matrix and other nanoparticles like carbon nanotube as the reinforced materials. These types of composites can be classified as continuous and noncontinuous. One of the more important nanocomposites is Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composite, which is an emerging new material with the high tensile strength and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube materials. In addition to carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, boron nitride reinforced metal matrix composites and carbon nitride metal matrix composites are the new research areas on metal matrix nanocomposites [9,10]. 

Seo, M. K. and Park, S. 2004. A kinetic study on the thermal degradation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced poly(propylene) composites. Macromolecular Materials and Enoineerino 289 368-374. 

Therefore the three t)rpes of materials modified with carbon particles were prepared (i) carbon fibre-reinforced carbon composites (CERC), materials promising for hard tissue surgery, coated with a fullerene Ceo layer, (ii) terpolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride and pol)rpropylene mixed with 4 wt. % of single or multi-walled carbon nanotubes and (iii) nanostructured or hierarchically micro- and nanostructured diamond layers deposited on silicon substrates [23]. 

The recent work of Kim et al. [96] discloses the structure and the electrical properties of PPTA/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) composites obtained by in situ polymerization. These composites exhibited improved electrical conductivity. Ground PPTA/MWCN particles were shown to behave as electrorheological (ER) material. It seems that preparing of such less usual all-aramid composites or using PPTA as matrix to be reinforced by CNT may be an interesting pathway toward composite materials, requiring, however, improved manufacturing processes. 

The discovery of carbon nanostructured materials has inspired a range of potential applications. More specifically, the use of carbon nanotubes in polymer composites has attracted wide attention. Carbon nanotubes have a unique atomic structure, a very high aspect ratio, and extraordinary mechanical properties (strength and flexibility), making them ideal reinforcing compounds. Moreover, carbon nanotubes are susceptible to chemical functionalization, which broaden their applicability. For instance, surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes is an attractive route for increasing their compatibility with polymers in composites, also improving the dispersability in raw materials and the wettability. 

C. Balazsi, Z. Konya, F. Weber, L. P. Biro, and P. Arato, "Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride composites," Materials Science Engineering C-Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 23[6-8] 1133-1137.2003. 

Ning, J., Zhang, J., Pan, Y. and Guo, J., Fabrication and mechanical properties of Si02 matrix composites reinforced by carbon nanotube , Materials Science and Engineering, A Structural Materials Properties, Microstructure and Processing, 2003, A357, 392-396. 

Abstract. It is shown that reinforcement of PTFE by 15% of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) results in more than 2 times increase of strength parameters compared to starting PTFE matrix. Non-trivial temperature dependences of electrical resistance and thermal electromotive force were observed. Percolation threshold determined from dependence of the composite specific resistance on MWNT concentration was near 6% mass. Concentration and nature of oxygen-containing MWNT surface groups influence the strength parameters of the composite material. 

Due to their unique mechanical and electronic properties carbon nanotubes (CNT) are promising for use as reinforcing elements in polymer matrixes [1, 2]. The main problems are creation of strong cohesion of CNT with a polymer matrix and uniform distribution of CNT in matrix [3], The goals of this work were development of PTFE-MWNT nanocomposite material with high mechanical characteristics and investigation of influence of MWNT surface groups on mechanical and electronic parameters of the composite material. 

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