Mesoporous carbon materials

Apart from zeolites and clays, other materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have also been explored as template to produce porous carbons. Recently, Liu et al. have synthesised porous carbon by heating the carbon precursor furfuryl alcohol within the pores of MOF-5. The resultant carbon exhibits high specific surface area up to 2872 m g and high pore volume of 2 cm g but possesses both micropores and mesopores. This porous carbon material shows good hydrogen uptake of 2.6 wt% at 760 Torr and —196 °C, as well as excellent electrochemical properties as an electrode material for an electrochemical double-layered capacitor. 

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Mesoporous carbon materials were prepared using ordered silica templates. The Pt catalysts supported on mesoporous carbons were prepared by an impregnation method for use in the methanol electro-oxidation. The Pt/MC catalysts retained highly dispersed Pt particles on the supports. In the methanol electro-oxidation, the Pt/MC catalysts exhibited better catalytic performance than the Pt/Vulcan catalyst. The enhanced catalytic performance of Pt/MC catalysts resulted from large active metal surface areas. The catalytic performance was in the following order Pt/CMK-1 > Pt/CMK-3 > Pt/Vulcan. It was also revealed that CMK-1 with 3-dimensional pore structure was more favorable for metal dispersion than CMK-3 with 2-dimensional pore arrangement. It is eoncluded that the metal dispersion was a critical factor determining the catalytic performance in the methanol electro-oxidation. 

In this chapter, immobilization of proteins on these mesoporous silicas and PMO is first introduced, followed by a description of protein immobilization on mesoporous carbon materials. The adsorption behavior of other biopolymers such as... 

As seen in the comparison of mesoporous silica and PMO in protein adsorption behavior, the nature of the framework of mesoporous materials has unavoidable influence on the protein adsorption. Therefore, adsorption of protein on mesoporous structures composed of hydrophobic materials such as carbon is worthy of detailed investigation. In this section, systematic research on protein adsorption on mesoporous carbon materials by Vinu and coworkers is mainly introduced. 

Adsorption of lysozyme on these mesoporous carbon materials was studied at a solution pH of 11 [152]. All the adsorption isotherms were of a Langmuir type (see Figure 4.11A), resulting in monolayer adsorption capacities of 3.8, 9.8, 15.9, and 22.9 pmol g 1 for CMK-1, CMK-3, CMK-3-130, and CMK-3-150, respectively. These values are compared with the structural parameters of the CMK materials (Figure 4.11B). There is no clear relation between the adsorption capacity and the surface area (Figure 4.11B(a)). In sharp contrast, positive correlation between the adsorption... 

Fig. 4.11 (A) Adsorption isotherms of lysozyme meters of the CMK materials (a) specific surface on CMK-type mesoporous carbon materials at pH area (b) specific pore volume (c) pore diameter. 11 (a) CMK-1 (b) CMK-3 (c) CMK-3-130 (d) Reprinted with permission from [152], A. Vinu CMK-3-150. (B) Dependence of the adsorption etal.,J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 6436. 2005, capacities of lysozyme on the structural para- American Chemical Society.

Recent reports describe the use of various porous carbon materials for protein adsorption. For example, Hyeon and coworkers summarized the recent development of porous carbon materials in their review [163], where the successful use of mesoporous carbons as adsorbents for bulky pollutants, as electrodes for supercapacitors and fuel cells, and as hosts for protein immobilization are described. Gogotsi and coworkers synthesized novel mesoporous carbon materials using ternary MAX-phase carbides that can be optimized for efficient adsorption of large inflammatory proteins [164]. The synthesized carbons possess tunable pore size with a large volume of slit-shaped mesopores. They demonstrated that not only micropores (0.4—2 nm) but also mesopores (2-50 nm) can be tuned in a controlled way by extraction of metals from carbides, providing a mechanism for the optimization of adsorption systems for selective adsorption of a large variety of biomolecules. Furthermore, Vinu and coworkers have successfully developed the synthesis of... 

However, despite the growing use of this type of carbon material to enhance electrode performance, hydrogen storage, or other applications mentioned above, the development of hybrid mesoporous carbon materials with supramolecular functionalities has not seen much activity yet. Since this interesting and biocompatible support platform offers plenty of room for exploration in the context of this book, progress is soon expected here. 

CMK-n1 carbon mesostructured by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (family of mesoporous carbon materials)... 

Table 1 summarizes the results of the N2 and H2 physisorption measurements of the materials analysed. All samples are highly micro-and mesoporous carbon materials. In our experiments four samples of carbon Busofit-AYTM (1 - 4) and three samples of wood-based activated carbon (5 - 7) obtained by new technology were investigated. The activated carbon 207C (8) is made in the Great Britain from coconut shell. Samples 9 and 10 - granular activated carbons, specially developed for effective storage of methane. 

Kim, T.-W., Park, I.S., and Ryoo, R. (2003). A synthetic route to ordered mesoporous carbon materials with graphitic pore walls. Angew. Chem., 42, 4375-9. 

Several metalloporphyrins and phthalocyanines and numerous coordination and organometallic complexes of Rh, Ir, and Pd have also been immobilized directly onto micro- and mesoporous carbon materials, as well as onto CNTs. 

Ordered Mesoporous Carbons The first ordered mesoporous carbons were synthesized by hard templating methods (141). The use of porous inorganic silica templates allowed the preparation of series of ordered mesoporous carbon materials, designated as CMK-x materials (carbon molecular sieves Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology). The hrst one, CMK-1, was prepared using MCM-48 as a template and sucrose as the carbon source impregnated in the... 

Several reviews covering the synthesis, properties and applications of porous carbons, especially mesoporous carbon materials, can be found in the literature. In this chapter, we summarise the recent developments in the synthesis and characterisation of templated porous carbon materials. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of structurally ordered porous carbon materials with narrow pore size distribution via both hard and soft template methods. We especially emphasise those so-called breakthroughs in the preparation of porous carbon materials. The chapter is divided into three sections according to the pore size of carbon materials we first consider the synthesis of microporous carbon materials using zeolites and clays as hard template, then summarise the preparation of mesoporous carbon materials via both hard template and self-assembly... 

It was observed that the furfuryl alcohol/TEOS ratio significantly affected the mesopore size of resulting carbon. Moriguchi et al. reported the direct synthesis of mesoporous carbon material by in situ polymerisation of divinylbenzene in the hydrophobic phase of a hexagonally arrayed micelle/silicate nanocomposite and its subsequent carbonisation and HE treatment. The resulting carbon material had poor structural ordering with only wormhole-like mesopores of 2 nm. The synthesis of mesoporous carbon via one-step vapour deposition polymerisation using... 

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