Carbon materials oxidation

The spectra of the oxidized carbons (CWZ—Ox, CWN2—Ox, RKD3—Ox, D—Ox) are quite similar to those obtained for various carbon materials oxidized with nitric acid or dioxygen [89-91,116-126,173,174). The relative decrea.se in intensity of C—H moiety bands (near 2900 cm ) after oxidation may indicate that oxygen surface species are also formed at the expense of the aliphatic resi-... 

Electrodes utilizing oxidic supports very often suffer from poor porosity. In contrast to catalytic layers built up from CB (see Figure 7.8), low-surface-area oxides tend to form dense layers, which cannot easily be penetrated by reactants and products. Hence, despite their advantages in durability-limited mass transport is a significant drawback to their routine application. Since they also often possess only low electron conductivities, usually carbon material/oxide support composites are applied instead. One approach toward a controlled porous electrode structure utilizing the so-called Pickering emulsions is shown below (Figure 7.13). 

In addition to the many applications of SERS, Raman spectroscopy is, in general, a usefiil analytical tool having many applications in surface science. One interesting example is that of carbon surfaces which do not support SERS. Raman spectroscopy of carbon surfaces provides insight into two important aspects. First, Raman spectral features correlate with the electrochemical reactivity of carbon surfaces this allows one to study surface oxidation [155]. Second, Raman spectroscopy can probe species at carbon surfaces which may account for the highly variable behaviour of carbon materials [155]. Another application to surfaces is the use... 

Potential areas of apphcation for carboranes include adhesives, gaskets, and O-rings (27). Research has been reported on improving the oxidation resistance and strength of carbon materials by coating with a carborane siloxane polymer (36). 

Powdered glass and crushed carbon are placed in molds and heated to 1000°C, at which temperature the carbon is oxidized, forming gas bubbles which causes expansion of the glass mix. The cellular material is then annealed and, after cooling, cut to size. 

TM oxide insertion 293-321 lithium carbon batteries, secondary 45 lithium carbon materials 361... 

One of the most important phenomena in material science is the reinforcement of mbber by rigid entities, such as carbon black, clays, silicates, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, MH, and metal oxide [45 7]. Thus, these fillers or reinforcement aids are added to mbber formulations to optimize properties that meet a given service application or sets of performance parameters [48-53]. Although the original purpose is to lower the cost of the molding compounds, prime importance is now attached to the selective active fillers and their quantity that produce specific improvements in mbber physical properties. 

Phenol is the starting material for numerous intermediates and finished products. About 90% of the worldwide production of phenol is by Hock process (cumene oxidation process) and the rest by toluene oxidation process. Both the commercial processes for phenol production are multi step processes and thereby inherently unclean [1]. Therefore, there is need for a cleaner production method for phenol, which is economically and environmentally viable. There is great interest amongst researchers to develop a new method for the synthesis of phenol in a one step process [2]. Activated carbon materials, which have large surface areas, have been used as adsorbents, catalysts and catalyst supports [3,4], Activated carbons also have favorable hydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity, which make them suitable for the benzene hydroxylation. Transition metals have been widely used as catalytically active materials for the oxidation/hydroxylation of various aromatic compounds. 

Mesoporous carbon materials were prepared using ordered silica templates. The Pt catalysts supported on mesoporous carbons were prepared by an impregnation method for use in the methanol electro-oxidation. The Pt/MC catalysts retained highly dispersed Pt particles on the supports. In the methanol electro-oxidation, the Pt/MC catalysts exhibited better catalytic performance than the Pt/Vulcan catalyst. The enhanced catalytic performance of Pt/MC catalysts resulted from large active metal surface areas. The catalytic performance was in the following order Pt/CMK-1 > Pt/CMK-3 > Pt/Vulcan. It was also revealed that CMK-1 with 3-dimensional pore structure was more favorable for metal dispersion than CMK-3 with 2-dimensional pore arrangement. It is eoncluded that the metal dispersion was a critical factor determining the catalytic performance in the methanol electro-oxidation. 

As a new kind of carbon materials, carbon nanofilaments (tubes and fibers) have been studied in different fields [1]. But, until now far less work has been devoted to the catalytic application of carbon nanofilaments [2] and most researches in this field are focused on using them as catalyst supports. When most of the problems related to the synthesis of large amount of these nanostructures are solved or almost solved, a large field of research is expected to open to these materials [3]. In this paper, CNF is tested as a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP), which is an attractive method to improve propene productivity [4]. The role of surface oxygen annplexes in catalyzing ODP is also addressed. 

In batteries of this type, solntions of lithium salts in thionyl chloride, SOCI2, are nsed as the electrolyte. Exceptionally, this strongly oxidizing solvent also serves as the active material for the cathodic reaction. Thus, during discharge thionyl chloride is electrochemicaUy reduced at a cathode made of carbon materials ... 

Suitable polymer anodes have not been found instead, in the search for improved lithium hosts, lithium-inserting carbon materials have been developed and batteries produced, usually with a metal oxide or sulfide anode (hence they are not considered fnrther here). 

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