Fiber Carbon Materials

Proposed electrode uses polymer deposited onto conducting substrate via electrochemical polymerization. Polymer is a poly-[Me(R-Salen) type. Me represents complex compound of transition metals (Ni, Pd Co, Cu, and Fe) with at least two different oxidation states. R represents electron donating substituent such as CH3 0-, C2H5O-, HO-, -CH3 radicals. Salen represents residue of bis(salicylaldehyde) ethylenediamine in Schiff s base. Preferences for conducting substrate include carbon fiber, carbon materials with metal coatings, and metal electrodes with high specific surface areas. 

See amorphous carbon, carbon fibers, carbon material, glass-like carbon, graphitic carbon, non-graphitic carbon, pyrolytic carbon... 

Carbon Composites. Cermet friction materials tend to be heavy, thus making the brake system less energy-efficient. Compared with cermets, carbon (or graphite) is a thermally stable material of low density and reasonably high specific heat. A combination of these properties makes carbon attractive as a brake material and several companies are manufacturing carbon fiber—reinforced carbon-matrix composites, which ate used primarily for aircraft brakes and race cats (16). Carbon composites usually consist of three types of carbon carbon in the fibrous form (see Carbon fibers), carbon resulting from the controlled pyrolysis of the resin (usually phenoHc-based), and carbon from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) filling the pores (16). 

Fig. 5. Interlaminar fracture toughness, for a number of thermosetting and thermoplastic composites (36,37). Open white bars represent glass-fiber composites shaded bars are for carbon fibers. The materials are A, polyester (unidirectional) B, vinyl ester (CSM = chopped strand mat) C, epoxy (R/BR1424) D, epoxy (T300/914) E, PPS F, PES and G, PEEK. To convert J/m to fdbf/in. multiply by 2100.

Thus in this chapter on ACF we are dealing with the overlap or intersection of two classes of carbon materials carbon fibers and active carbons. This is illustrated in the Venn diagram. Fig. 1, which is based on a classification of carbon materials recommended by lUPAC [11]. 

Fig. 1. Venn diagram illustrating where active carbon fibers lie in the classification of carbon materials.

Edie, D. D. and McHugh, J. J., High performance carbon fibers. In Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies, ed. T. D. Burchell, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1999, pp. 119 138. 

Edie, D. D. and Diefendorf, R. J., Carbon fiber manufacturing. In Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites, ed. J. D. Buckley and D. D. Edie. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993, pp. 19 39. 

A recently developed adsorbent version of ORNL s porous carbon fiber-carbon binder eomposite is named carbon fiber composite molecular sieve (CFCMS). The CFCMS monoliths were the product of a collaborative researeh program between ORNL and the University of Kentueky, Center for Applied Energy Researeh (UKCAER) [19-21]. The m.onoliths are manufactured in the manner deseribed in Section 2 from P200 isotropic pitch derived fibers. While development of these materials is in its early stages, a number of potential applieations can be identified. 

Porous carbon fiber-carbon bmder composites are a class of matenals that are not widely known, yet they fulfill a vital role in the RTG space power systems, and show considerable potential for other uses in light absorption or gas adsorption applications. These applications are enabled through the unique combmation of physical properties exhibited by the porous carbon fiber-carbon binder composites Perhaps the most significant of its physical attributes is the open, yet rugged, form of the material which contributes significantly to its utility m the fields of... 

The anodic behavior of carbon materials, such as acetylene black, activated carbon, and vapor-grown carbon fiber, in LiC104/PC solution was studied by Yamamoto et al. [102]. Irreversible reactions, including gas evolution and disintegration, were mainly observed on that part of the surface occupied by the edge planes of the... 

A broad variety of structural polymers is nowadays available that are suitable for applications as different as carbon fiber reinforced materials, encapsulation of electronic devices or adhesive bonding. Each of these polymers belongs to one of two classes thermosets or thermoplastics. 

As a new kind of carbon materials, carbon nanofilaments (tubes and fibers) have been studied in different fields [1]. But, until now far less work has been devoted to the catalytic application of carbon nanofilaments [2] and most researches in this field are focused on using them as catalyst supports. When most of the problems related to the synthesis of large amount of these nanostructures are solved or almost solved, a large field of research is expected to open to these materials [3]. In this paper, CNF is tested as a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP), which is an attractive method to improve propene productivity [4]. The role of surface oxygen annplexes in catalyzing ODP is also addressed. 

It is possible to build within the formation a porous pack that is a mixture of fibers and the proppant. The fibrous material may be any suitable material (e.g., natural or synthetic organic fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, carbon fibers). 

As discussed in Chapter 10, a wide variety of additives is used in the polymer industry. Stabilizers, waxes, and processing aids reduce degradation of the polymer during processing and use. Dyes and pigments provide the many hues that we observe in synthetic fabrics and molded articles, such as household containers and toys. Functional additives, such as glass fibers, carbon black, and metakaolins can improve dimensional stability, modulus, conductivity, or electrical resistivity of the polymer. Fillers can reduce the cost of the final part by replacing expensive resins with inexpensive materials such as wood flour and calcium carbonate. The additives chosen will depend on the properties desired. 

Various forms of carbon material such as graphite, diamond, carbon nanotubes (fibers), and amorphous carbon-containing, diamond-like carbon have been compared and analyzed for their potential application in the fields of flat panel displays and lighting elements.48... 

The future remains bright for the use of carbon materials in batteries. In the past several years, several new carbon materials have appeared mesophase pitch fibers, expanded graphite and carbon nanotubes. New electrolyte additives for Li-Ion permit the use of low cost PC based electrolytes with natural graphite anodes. Carbon nanotubes are attractive new materials and it appears that they will be available in quantity in the near future. They have a high ratio of the base plane to edge plain found in HOPG. The ultracapacitor application to deposit an electronically conductive polymer on the surface of a carbon nanotube may be the wave of the future. 

Partially graphitized cokes produced by means of thermal decomposition of organic raw materials, polymers and graphitized carbon fibers show a good performance [1,2,6-17]. The properties of carbon materials are often improved due to large amounts of dopants (H, O, S, N, P, Si, etc.) [9,18],... 

For our experiments, a carbon fiber cloth (Figure 3 a) was prepared by carbonization of viscose under neutral atmosphere for 15 minutes, successively at 400, 700 and 1000°C. The carbon cloth was coated with pyrolytic carbon, using chemical vapor decomposition of propylene (2.5 ml/mn) diluted in nitrogen (100 ml/mn) during 10 minutes at 900°C. The resulting composite carbon material exhibits a very low irreversible capacity and 1.5 times the reversible capacity of graphite9 11. 

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