Nano-carbon materials electrodes

Prussian blue-based nano-electrode arrays were formed by deposition of the electrocatalyst through lyotropic liquid crystalline [144] or sol templates onto inert electrode supports. Alternatively, nucleation and growth of Prussian blue at early stages results in nano-structured film [145], Whereas Prussian blue is known to be a superior electrocatalyst in hydrogen peroxide reduction, carbon materials used as an electrode support demonstrate only a minor activity. Since the electrochemical reaction on the blank electrode is negligible, the nano-structured electrocatalyst can be considered as a nano-electrode array. 

Schwandt, C. A. Dimitrov, and D. Fray, The preparation of nano-structured carbon materials by electrolysis of molten lithium chloride at graphite electrodes. J. Elec. 

In the present article, the size and the loading efficiency of metal particles were investigated by changing the preparation method of carbon-supported platinum catalysts. First, the effect of acid/base treatment on carbon blacks supports on the preparation and electroactivity of platinum catalysts. Secondly, binary carbon-supported platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were prepared using two types of carbon materials such as carbon blacks (CBs) and graphite nanofibers (GNFs) to check the influence of carbon supports on the electroactivity of catalyst electrodes. Lastly, plasma treatment or oxyfluorination treatment effects of carbon supports on the nano structure as well as the electroactivity of the carbon supported platinum catalysts for DMFCs were studied. 

Activated carbon is a porous carbon material with developed nano-sized pores and a high specific surface area (>1,000 m g ). Nowadays, the technical term nanoporous carbon is very often used to mean activated carbon, but the activated carbon should be strictly defined as a porous carbon prepared by an activation process consisting of a gasification reaction to form the developed nano-sized pore stmcture in the carbon matrix. The activated carbons have been widely utilized as industrial materials, for example, an adsorbent, decolorizing agent, deodorant, and catalyst. The details of the preparation method, pore structure, and applications of activated carbons have been described [1]. The most significant electrochemical application of activated carbons is use as an electrode active material for an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC). This article reviews the use of activated carbons in an EDLC. 

We have reviewed the state-of-the-art of some important aspects about the use of carbonaceous materials in screen-printing electrochemical platforms. The chapter has attempted to throw some light on the incorporation of a wide variety of carbon materials i.e. graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, boron doped diamond and nano-porous carbons) in novel inks formulations and in the manufacturing of screen-printed carbon electrodes for the improvement of sensing performances. 

Kosidlo U, et al (2013) Nanocarbon based ionic actuators-a review. Smart Mater Struct 22 104022 Li J, et al (2011) Superfest-response and ultrahigh-power-density electromechanical actuators based on hierarchal carbon nanotube electrodes and chitosan. Nano Lett 11 4636-4641 Lima MD, et al (2012) Electrically, chemically, and photonically powered torsional and tensile actuation of hybrid carbon nanotube yam muscles. Science 338 928-932 Liu Q, et al (2014) Nanostructured carbon materials based electrothermal air pump actuators. Nanoscale 6 6932-6938... 

Metal oxide-based materials, carbon materials, and conducting polymers for electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes have been reviewed in detail (6). Two important future research directions have been summarized The development of composite and nano-structured electrochemical supercapacitor materials to overcome the problem of low energy density of electrochemical supercapacitors. 

Most of nano-stmctured materials are based on nano-sized particles of active materials. For htliium batteries, for example, a good electroruc conductor (e g., carbon) and binders are uniformly blended with nano-sized particles of active electrode materials to enhance the electronic conductivity and binding strength among the particles, respectively. 

Ghasemi, M., Daud, W. R. W, Hassan, S. H. A. et al. 2013. Nano-structured carbon as electrode material in microbial fuel cells A comprehensive review. J. Alloys Compd. 580 245-255. 

Since the development of the lithium-ion battery, negative electrode materials that have been investigated include graphitic carbon materials, amorphous carbon materials, nitrides, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, new alloys, nano-oxides, and other materials. Ideally, negative electrode materials should have these characteristics ... 

Me D, Li P, Zhang D, Zhou T, Liang Y (2010) Simultaneous determination of nitroaromatic compoimds in water using capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection on an electrode modified with a mesoporous nano-structured carbon material. Electrophoresis 31 2981-2988... 

In addition, materials prepared by anodization permit the growth of the oxide nanostructured film over a conductive substrate (Ti foil), an important aspect for preparation of robust electrodes. As discussed later, electrical contact with the conductive substrate could be further improved using carbon nano tubes. 

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