Materials science carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes and graphite are excellent model systems to address fundamental issues related to physical materials science. This is due to relative simplicity of these materials containing just one type of atoms and small number of vibration bands as well as possibility of variation of the contributions from sp and sp hybrid states of carbon atoms within the same system. Raman spectroscopy is very important and powerful tool for the study and characterization of graphitic materials and carbon nanotubes especially. In this article, we give a short review of the achievements of the Raman spectroscopy in the study of the physical properties of carbon nanotubes during the last decade. 

Conzuelo LV, Arias-Pardilla J, Caitich-Rodriguez JV, Smit MA, Otero TF (2010) Sensing and tactile artificial muscles from reactive materials. Sensors (Basel) 10 2638-2674 Foroughi J, et al (2011) Torsional carbon nanotube artificial muscles. Science 334 494-497 Fukushima T, Aida T (2007) Ionic liquids for soft functional materials with carbon nanotubes. 

Kang SZ, Wan YQ, Yan HJ, Bei JZ, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Evaluation for cell affinity of the composite material containing carbon nanotubes. Chinese Science Bulletin 2004 49 2126-28. 

Carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively in relation to fullerenes, and together with fullerenes have opened a new science and technology field on nano scale materials. This book aims to cover recent research and development in this area, and so provide a eonvenient reference tool for all researchers in this field. It is also hoped that this book can serve to stimulate future work on carbon nanotubes. 

Fischer, J.E., Johnson, A.T., Luzzi, D.E., Therien, M., Winey, K.I., and Yodh, A.G. Carbon nanotube-derived materials High-quality suspensions of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Poster Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Pennsylvania. 

Apart from the traditional organic and combinatorial/high-throughput synthesis protocols covered in this book, more recent applications of microwave chemistry include biochemical processes such as high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2], rapid enzyme-mediated protein mapping [3], and general enzyme-mediated organic transformations (biocatalysis) [4], Furthermore, microwaves have been used in conjunction with electrochemical [5] and photochemical processes [6], and are also heavily employed in polymer chemistry [7] and material science applications [8], such as in the fabrication and modification of carbon nanotubes or nanowires [9]. 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

Rohrs, H. W. and Ruoff, R. S. Use of carbon nanotubes in hybrid nanometer scale devices, in Lee, S. C. and Savage, L. (eds), Biological Molecules in Nanotechnology the Convergence of Biotechnology, Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science, IBC Press, Southborough, MA, USA, 1998, pp. 33-38. 

Hone J, Llaguno MC, Biercuk MJ, Johnson AT, Batlogg B, Benes Z, Fischer JE (2002). Thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based materials. Applied Physcis A-Materials Science Processing 74 339-343. 

Belin T, Epron R (2005) Characterization methods of carbon nanotubes a review. Materials Science and Engineering B-Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology 119 105-118. 

Nadarajan SB, Katsikis PD, Papazoglou ES (2007) Loading carbon nanotubes with viscous fluids and nanoparticles - a simpler approach. Applied Physics A-Materials Science Processing 89 437 142. 

Saito R, Gruneis A, Samsonidze GG, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Jorio A, Cancado LG, Pimenta MA, Souza AG (2004) Optical absorption of graphite and single-wall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics A-Materials Science and Processing 78 1099-1105. 

Terrones M (2003) Science and technology of the twenty-first century synthesis, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes. Annual Review of Materials Research 33 419-501. 

C. Morant, J. Andrey, P. Prieto, D. Mendiola, ).M. Sanz, E. Elizalde, XPS characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes., Physica Status Solidi a-Applications and Materials Science, vol. 203, pp. 1069-1075, 2006. 

I. Armentano, M. Dottori, D. Puglia, ).M. Kenny, Effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the processing and in-vitro degradation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)/CNT films, Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, vol. 19, pp. 2377-2387, 2008. 

Zhan, Y., et al., Preparation, characterization and electromagnetic properties of carbon nanotubes/Fe304 inorganic hybrid material. Applied Surface Science, 2011. 257(9) p. 4524-4528. 

Fraser IS, Motta MS, Schmidt RK, Windle AH. Continuous production of flexible carbon nanotube-based transparent conductive films. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 2010 Aug ll(4). 

The search for flexible, noncorrosive, inexpensive conductive materials has recently focused on polymeric materials. This search has increased to include, for some applications, nanosized fibrils and tubes. The conductivity of common materials is given in Figure 19.1. As seen, most polymers are nonconductive and, in fact, are employed in the electronics industry as insulators. This includes PE and PVC. The idea that polymers can become conductive is not new and is now one of the most active areas in polymer science. The advantages of polymeric conductors include lack of corrosion, low weight, ability to lay wires on almost a molecular level, and ability to run polymeric conductive wires in very intricate and complex designs. The topic of conductive carbon nanotubes has already been covered (Section 12.17). 

In addition to C onions, C atoms condense into various kinds of chemically bonded forms, and they are known to have excellent physical properties depending on the bonding nature. This means that research and applications not only in the materials science but also in other scientific fields are expected. At JAERI, the optimum growth conditions have been successfully obtained for the preparation of high-quality Cgo, diamondlike carbon, and nanocrystalline diamond by means of ion-beam-assisted deposition [80-82]. The susceptibility of Ni/Cgo thin films to thermal treatment, the formation of nanocrystalline diamond and nanotubes due to codeposition of Co and Ceo, and the surface modification of glassy... 

The first edition of this book published in 1986 was well received by the chemistry and materials science communities and this resulted in the paperback edition published in 1989. We are most gratified by this warm reception to the book which has been found useful by students and teachers as well as practising solid state chemists and materials scientists. Since we first wrote the book, there have been many new developments in the various aspects of solid state chemistry covering synthesis, structure elucidation, properties, phenomena and reactivity. The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates created a great sensation and gave a boost to the study of solid state chemistry. Many new types of materials such as the fullerenes and carbon nanotubes have been discovered. We have now revised the book taking into account the new developments so that it reflects the present status of the subject adequately and points to new directions. 

Recently various kinds of porous materials have been developed and their properties and structures have been gathering great concerns in science. There are two types of pores of intraparticle pores and interparticle ones[l]. The intraparticle pores are in the primary particle itself, while the interparticle pores originate from the interparticle void spaces. Zeolites are the most representative porous solids whose pores come from the structurally intrinsic intraparticle pores. The pore geometry can be evaluated by their crystallographic data. The carbon nanotube of which pore wall is composed of graphitic sheets is also the... 

Balazsi, C., Konya, Z., Weber, F., Biro, L.P. and Arato, P., Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride composites , Materials Science and Engineering, C Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 2003, C23, 1133-1137. 

Ning, J., Zhang, J., Pan, Y. and Guo, J., Fabrication and mechanical properties of Si02 matrix composites reinforced by carbon nanotube , Materials Science and Engineering, A Structural Materials Properties, Microstructure and Processing, 2003, A357, 392-396. 

Carbon-based nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of attention in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science and have been extensively studied since their initial discovery in 1991.36 Much of the excitement in this area of research stems from their unique structures, fundamental electronic and physical properties, and potential applications.37 Inspired by these carbon nanotube studies, coordination chemists have undertaken significant efforts toward the construction of tube-like complexes through metal-ligand coordination.38 1 Examples of silver(I) tubular complexes obtained via assembly reactions of predesigned organic ligands with silver salts are described here.42-44... 

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