Upgrades

Can the byproduct be subjected to further reaction and its value upgraded For example, most organic chlorination reactions produce hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. If this cannot be sold, it... 

If waste byproducts are formed, it may be possible to upgrade them by further reaction in a different reaction system. 

Reducing waste by upgrading waste byproducts. Waste byproducts can sometimes be upgraded to useful materials by subjecting... 

Visbreaking conversion products are unstable, olefinic, and very high in sulfur and nitrogen. They must be upgraded by processing before they can be incorporated into finished products. 

Steam reforming is, along with catalytic reforming, a process that can produce the additional hydrogen needed for upgrading and converting the heavy fractions of crude oil. 

Cavanaugh, T.A., D.E. Blaser and R.A. Busch (1978), Fluid coking/Flexi-coking, a flexible process for upgrading heavy crudes . Japanese Petroleum Institute (JPI) Conference, Tokyo. 

First, we want to offer G335SF in combination with STRUCTURIX SILVERFIX as a viable solution to customers who want to upgrade their existing equipment (installed base processors) in order to decrease the silver content of their rinsing water. 

The changes described above also allowed much easier access to the high voltage cable for routine (6-month) owner directed, service operations, and provided better upper and lower x-ray cabinet and control cabinet ventilation. With the exception of the x-ray tubes, all the individual manufactured components, on all four systems are identical. There are very subtle differences in the warm-up/start-up sequence on the x-ray controllers on the newer systems due to model/year and x-ray tube differences. The last three systems were supplied with environmental type key-boards for the image processors and base-mounted , rather than conduit-mounted exterior warning indicators. The first system was subsequently upgraded to include the better keyboard and the external warning appliances/features. 

Unfortunately, the main European companies which are working in the NDT field, do not show any activity in promoting in the Ukrainian market the high-technology NDT equipment for upgrading the NDT practices We welcome those who are starting to work in Ukraine, as our industry requires the advanced NDT technologies and equipment. 

The multiple advantages of our process reengineering are improvement of the acquisitioii/analysis speed (times 4), the low cost as this in house application is based on personal computers, the easy and minimal cost upgrades can be performed by engineers and technicians, and an immediate inspection feedback implementation. 

A very good description of processes, mainly in the oil refining and fuel upgrading sector, highlighting the impact zeolites have made on this industry. 

Knowledge acquisition subsystem The task of the knowledge acquisition subsystems is to assemble and upgrade the knowledge base. A major task is to verify the data and check for consistency. 

If a tran sition state has notheen reach ed after a certain niiinherof steps, th e user may n eed to upgrade th e Hessian an d repeat th e calculation. It may be necessary if many calculation steps have been don e, and the curren t geo in etry differs con siderably from th e starting poin t. fh e Hessian calculated at th e starting poin t an d updated at each n e v poin t m ay n ot be appropriate at the geo in etry reach ed by th e search. fh is procedure can also h elp to get to a good startin g point where the Hessian has a correct structure with only one negative eigen value. 

We shonld also utilize liquid hydrocarbons, which frequently accompany natural gas. These so-called natural gas liquids currently have little use besides their caloric heat value. They consist mainly of saturated straight hydrocarbons chains containing 3-6 carbon atoms, as well as some aromatics. As we found (Chapter 8), it is possible by superacidic catalytic treatment to upgrade these liquids to high-octane, commercially usable gasoline. Their use will not per se solve our long-... 

ASHRAE Standards, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Publications Department, Atlanta, Ga. Standard 55, 1981. Standards are upgraded on a regular basis. 

Production of nitric phosphates is not expected to expand rapidly ia the near future because the primary phosphate exporters, especially ia North Africa and the United States, have moved to ship upgraded materials, wet-process acid, and ammonium phosphates, ia preference to phosphate rock. The abundant supply of these materials should keep suppHers ia a strong competitive position for at least the short-range future. Moreover, the developiag countries, where nitric phosphates would seem to be appealing for most crops except rice, have already strongly committed to production of urea, a material that blends compatibly with sulfur-based phosphates but not with nitrates. 

World consumption of potassium salts presentiy exceeds 28 million t of K O equivalent per year. About 93% of that is for fertilizer use (see POTASSIUM compounds). The potash [17353-70-7] industry is essentially a mining and beneftciation industry. The two main fertilizer materials, KCl and K SO are produced by beneftciating ores at the mine sites. The upgraded salts then are shipped to distributors and manufacturers of mixed goods. 

The Friedel-Crafts ketone synthesis is of commercial importance in upgrading duoroben2ene for dmg, polymer, and electronic appHcations (Table... 

Derived plant and animal products make better use or upgrade the nutritional quaHty of already existing materials or products. Synthetic and manufactured products arose from knowledge of the functional properties of food ingredients and of human and animal nutrition that involved more precise definition of nutrient requirements for growth, reproduction, lactation, and body maintenance in both humans and domestic Hvestock. Pood products have been developed to meet human needs under abnormal environments, eg, military rations for arctic, tropical, or desert environments, and special products for astronauts ia space flights. 

The initial biogas recovered is an MHV gas and is often upgraded to high heat value (HHV) gas when used for blending with natural gas suppHes. The aimual production of HHV gas ia 1987, produced by 11 HHV gasification facihties, was 116 x 10 m of pipehne-quaUty gas, ie, 0.004 EJ (121). This is an iacrease from the 1980 production of 11.3 X 10 m . Another 38 landfill gas recovery plants produced an estimated 218 x 10 m of MHV gas, ie, 0.005 EJ. Additions to production can be expected because of landfill recovery sites that have been identified as suitable for methane recovery. In 1988, there were 51 sites ia preliminary evaluation and 42 sites were proposed as potential sites (121). 

Thermochemical Liquefaction. Most of the research done since 1970 on the direct thermochemical Hquefaction of biomass has been concentrated on the use of various pyrolytic techniques for the production of Hquid fuels and fuel components (96,112,125,166,167). Some of the techniques investigated are entrained-flow pyrolysis, vacuum pyrolysis, rapid and flash pyrolysis, ultrafast pyrolysis in vortex reactors, fluid-bed pyrolysis, low temperature pyrolysis at long reaction times, and updraft fixed-bed pyrolysis. Other research has been done to develop low cost, upgrading methods to convert the complex mixtures formed on pyrolysis of biomass to high quaHty transportation fuels, and to study Hquefaction at high pressures via solvolysis, steam—water treatment, catalytic hydrotreatment, and noncatalytic and catalytic treatment in aqueous systems. 

A. V. Bridgwater and G. Grassi, eds.. Biomass Pyrolysis Tiquids Upgrading and Utilicyation, Elsevier AppHed Science, New York, 1991, 377 pp. 

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