Subject upgrading systems

Reducing waste by upgrading waste byproducts. Waste byproducts can sometimes be upgraded to useful materials by subjecting them to further reaction in a different reaction system. An example was quoted in Chapter 13 in which hydrogen chloride, which is a waste byproduct of chlorination reactions, can be upgraded to chlorine and then recycled to a chlorination reactor. 

Version Control — In modem systems, the interface software, including customizations, is often on the client or the user s desk and, hence, is open to the possibility that the wrong version of the software is installed, e.g., not updated during an upgrade operation or interference by the user. Some automatic means (also subject to validation) should be found to check that the correct software is installed and preventing use if this is not the case. 

Transmission of information between switchboards and to other locations such as a control room can be achieved by either optical fibre or hard wire cables. Suitable interfaces are placed at each end of the cables. As with many aspects of computing the speed of data transmission, method of porting, the protocols available, memory capacity and speed of calculation are upgraded, improved and superseded almost on a yearly basis. It is therefore necessary to be well aware of the state of the art in these subjects so that a system that is about to be superseded is not pmchased. 

In typical offshore production the fluids produced are gathered into a collection line or common manifold. All the lines that feed into this manifold have been subjected to chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, wax inhibitors, and hydrate inhibitors. In enhanced oil recovery of conventional crudes, siufactant micellar floods have been used in the past to promote recovery. For heavy oil, fluid flow is enhanced by viscosity-reducing agents and or diluents. The reality is a more complex system for upgrading or refining. 

Lastly, the pricing of remanufactured products has become a subject of debate. Traditionally, remanufactured products have been priced at a lower value than new products due to the reused components. For instance, Siemens remanufactured imaging systems price runs about two-thirds that of a new unit, which are usually priced between 160,000 and 170,000. However, it is still in discussion whether remanufactured products should receive a lower valuation. A diversity of variables such as certification of the final product, number of parts replaced or upgraded, and demand for remanufactured components must be taken into account in this decision. 

Besides the demonstration of the heat utilization system, the JAERI plans to carry out safety demonstration tests to confirm the salient inherent safety features of the HTGR. In addition material and fuel irradiation tests as upgrading HTGR technologies after attaining rated power will be conducted. Preliminary tests on selected research subjects such as composite material and ZrC coated fuel developments, have been carried out at high temperature and under irradiation. 

But reliability analysis for a MSS is a complex subject in reliability analysis (Lisnianski and Levitin 2003). The evaluation of relative importance of the various MSS components on the system rehabdity (working) is an important problem in reliability analysis. It is useful tool to find weaknesses in design and to suggest modifications for system upgrade. There are several different importance measures for binary system. Bimbaum (1969) introduced importance measure firstly. Than these evaluations were developed by Barlow and Prochan (1975), Fussel (1975) and Vesely (1970), Meng (2000). The relationship between these... 

The most immediate upgrade is the change to a needle-feed system, in which drop-feed is combined with the movement of the needle in the seam direction. The needle-feed system avoids ply-shift and thus reduces the effect of feed pucker, but it may be more prone to tension pucker. This is due to a major difference between the needle and the drop-feed systems Feeding of the material occurs when the needle is in the material in needle-feed machines, whilst it occurs when the needle is outside the fabric in drop-feed systems. Stitch tightening occurs when the needle is outside of the fabric. This means that in a needle-feed machine, stitch tightening occurs when the feed-dog is under the stitch plate and thus not supporting the fabric from the lower side, leaving the fabric more loose and subject to tension pucker. 

More importantly, the use of process models provides focus for the analysis on the elements of the railway, which are subject to change by the upgrade programme scope of work. A common approach to the conceptualisation of the system was adopted in support of the two upgrade programmes, VLU and SSL. 

For many well-known reasons found in different publications on the subject and current trend on nuclear power plant and research reactor design, it is recommended that the supervision and control system of a research reactor should be designed as or upgraded to a computer-based distributed system. Therefore, the hardware units mentioned above should correspond to industrial computers, single board-computers with adequate boards following the STD-Bus standard or VME standard, or adequate PLCs (e g SPS Speicher Progrmmierbare Steuerungen). 

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