Upgrading of oils

Figure 2 Nuclear upgrading of oil sands bitumen to synthetic crude oil...

Stevens, D.J. "An overview of biomass thermochemical liquefaction research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. In Production. Analysis and Upgrading of Oils from Biomass. Vorres, K.S., Ed., American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry Abstracts, 1987, 32(2). 223. 

Boocock, D.G.B. Allen, S.G. Chowdhury, A. Fruchtl, R. "The production, evaluation and upgrading of oils from the steam liquefaction of poplar chips." In This Volume. 

Lemieux, R. Roy, C. de Caumia, B Blanchette, D. Production Analysis and Upgrading of Oils from Biomass ACS Symposium Denver, Col. April 5-10, 1987 pp 12-20. 

The TOSCOAL Process. The Oil Shale Corp. (TOSCO) piloted the low temperature carbonization of Wyoming subbituminous coals over a two-year period in its 23 t/d pilot plant at Rocky Falls, Colorado (149). The principal objective was the upgrading of the heating value in order to reduce transportation costs on a heating value basis. Hence, the soHd char product from the process represented 50 wt % of the starting coal but had 80% of its heating value. 

United States. In 1980, Unocal began constmcting the Parachute Creek Project, designed to produce 1600 m (10,000 bbl) of upgraded shale oil per day. The project included a conventional underground room-and-pikar mine, the Unishale B (see Table 7) retort, and a special Unocal upgrading facihty. Plant startup occurred in 1986, and daily shale oil production reached 1100 m /d (7000 bbl/d). By 1991, total production exceeded 0.6 x 10 m (four million barrels). However, the Parachute Creek Project was shut down in mid-1991 for economic reasons. 

Uses. /-Butyl hypochlorite has been found useful in upgrading vegetable oils (273) and in the preparation of a-substituted acryflc acid esters (274) and esters of isoprene halohydrins (275). Numerous patents describe its use in cross-linking of polymers (qv) (276), in surface treatment of mbber (qv) (277), and in odor control of polymer latexes (278). It is used in the preparation of propylene oxide (qv) in high yield with Httle or no by-products (269,279). Fluoroalkyl hypochlorites are useful as insecticides, initiators for polymerizations, and bleaching and chlorinating agents (280). 

Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 36, No. 11, Nov. 1997, p.4436-44 ULTRAPYROLYTIC UPGRADING OF PLASTIC WASTES AND PLASTICS/HEAVY OIL MIXTURES TO VALUABLE LIGHT GAS PRODUCTS... 

Catalytic upgrading of bio-oil was carried out over Ga modified ZSM-5 for the pyrolysis of sawdust in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Effect of gas velocity (Uo/U ,f) on the yield of pyrolysis products was investigated. The maximum yield of oil products was found to be about 60% at the Uo/Umf of 4.0. The yield of gas was increased as catalyst added. HZSM-5 shows the larger gas yield than Ga/HZSM-5. When bio-oil was upgraded with HZSM-5 or Ga/HZSM-5, the amount of aromatics in product increased. Product yields over Ga/HZSM-5 shows higher amount of aromatic components such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) than HZSM-5. 

Atlas, R. M., and Aislabie, J. Process for biotechnological upgrading of shale oil. Patent No. US5049499. 

Ovalles, C. Rojas, I. Acevedo, S., et al., Upgrading of Orinoco Belt Crude Oil and Its Fractions by an Electrochemical System in the Presence of Protonating Agents. Fuel Processing Technology, 1996. 48(2) pp. 159-172. 

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