Petroleum residues upgrading

M. R. Gray, Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heay Oils, M tcelHeTket, Inc., New York, 1994. 

Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray Methanol Production and Use, edited by Wu-Hsun Cheng and Harold H. Kung... 

Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray... 

ARDS A process for upgrading petroleum residues by catalytic hydrogenation. 

HYVAHL A hydrotreating process for upgrading petroleum residues. Developed by the Institut Frangais du Petrole. Three units were operating in 1996. See also TERVAHL. 

This reactor allows easy data collection for high-temperature, high-pressure reaction systems that have difficult flow properties. This includes reactants that are solid at room temperature or mixtures of solids and liquids. Typical reactions performed in autoclaves are coal liquefaction, petroleum residuals and coal liquids upgrading, and high molecular weight hydrogenation experiments. 

Primary coal liquids must be upgraded in order to serve these markets. A logical route is to use current black oil conversion technology as practiced in the petroleum industry (2). An applicable UOP process is RCD Unibon (3). This comprises the direct processing of petroleum residues to reduce the sulfur and nitrogen content of heavy fuel oil or to combine desulfurization with conversion of residue to lighter, more valuable products. 

The Veba Oel pyrolysis processes was originally designed for the upgrading of heavy oil hydrogenation residues (such as coal and petroleum residues). The pyrolysis process uses a rotary kiln reactor with spheres and crossform bodies to prevent coke deposition. The kilns used in this process were operational until 1964. However, it was found that these kilns had three disadvantages [8] ... 

Vacuum pyrolysis of biomass yields a high amount of oils (bioliiels) which meet several of the heavy fuel performance specifications [9,10]. Some properties of these bio-oils might be improved by upgrading processes such as co-pyrolysis of biomass with heavy crude oils or petroleum residues. 

Our main purpose for developing residual hydroconversion catalyst is the upgrading of petroleum residue, decomposition of asphaltenic components and hydrocracking of hydrocarbons to obtain useful middle distillates from petroleum residue. Through extensive studies on HDS catalysts, hydroconversion was determined to be entirely dependent on reaction temperature [2]. On the other hand, coking and metal deposition onto catalyst were reported to occur under such high temperatures as to decrease catalyst activity and shorten catalyst life [5,6,7,8]. 

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