The Underlying Need

This chapter outlines the key features of the CDIO approach, beginning with a detailed discussion of the need, goals, vision, and pedagogical foundation, first addressed in Chap. 1. The structure of this first section serves as the framework for 

We began by examining the sources of advice from industry that reflected on the needs for the education of engineering students. The input typically was in the form of lists that industrial spokesmen and regulatory bodies had developed to summarize the desired attributes of engineers— that they should know the fundamentals, act ethically, communicate effectively, etc. hi this format, the lists conveyed the needs, but not the rationale for the needs. As such, they did not have their desired influence. When we tried to synthesize these lists , we observed that they were driven by a more basic and rational need, that is, the reason society needs engineers in the first place. 

Therefore, the starting point of our effort was a restatanent of the underlying need for engineering education. We believe that every graduating engineer should be able to  

The CDIO approach has three overall goals To educate students who are able to 

Master a deeper working knowledge of technical fundamentals 

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Thus, whilst government and industry support high technologies, the consumer questions the underlying need for them. But if, contrary to the assumption that post-modern consumer society implies a transition from constraining norms to a situation in which individuals are free to select an identity through product choice and purchase, consumers are in actuality, despite the proliferation of niche markets, embedded in both historical and social relationships. This is not least because the invisible hand of the market place also socializes consumer perceptions, so the post-modern consumer may be an optimistic construct (Clarke, 1998 Scholderer et al., 2002). 

These four headings map directly to the underlying need identified in an earlier... 

A comparison of overall treatment costs (purchase and refining) for several crude oils enables the refiner to establish his feedstock requirements and to satisfy the market needs under the most economical conditions. 

Natural water drive occurs when the underlying aquifer is both large (typically greater than ten times the oil volume) and the water is able to flow Into the oil column, i.e. it has a communication path and sufficient permeability. If these conditions are satisfied, then once production from the oil column creates a pressure drop the aquifer responds by expanding, and water moves into the oil column to replace the voidage created by production. Since the water compressibility is low, the volume of water must be large to make this process effective, hence the need for the large connected aquifer. 

The individual reactions need not be unimolecular. It can be shown that the relaxation kinetics after small perturbations of the equilibrium can always be reduced to the fomi of (A3.4.138t in temis of extension variables from equilibrium, even if the underlying reaction system is not of first order [51, fil, fiL, 58]. 

As a final point, it should again be emphasized that many of the quantities that are measured experimentally, such as relaxation rates, coherences and time-dependent spectral features, are complementary to the thennal rate constant. Their infomiation content in temis of the underlying microscopic interactions may only be indirectly related to the value of the rate constant. A better theoretical link is clearly needed between experimentally measured properties and the connnon set of microscopic interactions, if any, that also affect the more traditional solution phase chemical kinetics. 

Now the Lagrangean associated with the nuclear motion is not invariant under a local gauge transformation. Eor this to be the case, the Lagrangean needs to include also an interaction field. This field can be represented either as a vector field (actually a four-vector, familiar from electromagnetism), or as a tensorial, YM type field. Whatever the form of the field, there are always two parts to it. First, the field induced by the nuclear motion itself and second, an externally induced field, actually produced by some other particles E, R, which are not part of the original formalism. (At our convenience, we could include these and then these would be part of the extended coordinates r, R. The procedure would then result in the appearance of a potential interaction, but not having the field. ) At a first glance, the field (whether induced internally... 

Environmental Considerations. The phosphate flame retardants, plasticizers, and functional fluids have come under intense environmental scmtiny. Results pubUshed to date on acute toxicity to aquatic algae, invertebrates, and fish indicate substantial differences between the various aryl phosphates (159—162). The EPA has summarized this data as well as the apparent need for additional testing (147). 

In the case of thickeners, the process of compaction of the flocculated material is important. The floes settle to the bottom and gradually coalesce under the weight of the material on top of them. As the bed of flocculated material compacts, water is released. Usually the bed is slowly stirred with a rotating rake to release trapped water. The concentrated slurry, called the underflow, is pumped out the bottom. Compaction can often be promoted by mixing coarse material with the substrate because it creates channels for the upward flow of water as it falls through the bed of flocculated material. The amount of compaction is critical in terms of calculating the size of the thickener needed for a particular operation. The process of compaction has been extensively reviewed in the Hterature (41,42). 

The Nametre Rotary B rotational viscometer measures torque in terms of the current needed to drive the d-c motor at a given speed while a material is under test. The standard sensors are coaxial cylinders or Brookfield disk-type spindles, but a cone—plate system is also available. The viscosity range for the coaxial cylinder sensors is 5 to 5 x 1(T mPa-s, and the maximum shear rate is 200. ... 

Among the techniques for species deterrnination in soluble sdicates, Si nmr spectroscopy gives the most information about equdibrium sdicate solutions, but trimethylsilylation provides the best means for studying the dynamics of nonequilihrium systems (29,42). An equdibrium state is attained rapidly in relatively pure systems under alkaline conditions, ie, pH > 10. These equdibrium states and the time needed to achieve them appear to be... 

Flavin mononucleotide was first isolated from the yellow en2yme in yeast by Warburg and Christian in 1932 (4). The yellow en2yme was spHt into the protein and the yellow prosthetic group (coen2yme) by dialysis under acidic conditions. Flavin mononucleotide was isolated as its crystalline calcium salt and shown to be riboflavin-5Lphosphate its stmeture was confirmed by chemical synthesis by Kuhn and Rudy (94). It is commercially available as the monosodium salt dihydrate [6184-17 /, with a water solubiUty of more than 200 times that of riboflavin. It has wide appHcation in multivitamin and B-complex solutions, where it does not require the solubili2ers needed for riboflavin. 

The fermentation in these big vessels (max 3—5 brews) is normally performed pressureless, but several investigations have been made on fermentation under pressure and using somewhat higher temperatures in order to reduce the time needed still further. Some brewers agree with the statement that no yeast yet known can tolerate this extra stress and at the same time ferment a beet of equivalent excellent quaUty, but new selected yeast strains (genetic engineering) in the future may be better suited to these conditions. 

The decorative plastic laminates widely used for countertops and cabinets are based on melamine—formaldehyde resin (see Laminates). Several layers of phenohc-saturated kraft paper are placed in a press and a sheet of a-ceUulose paper printed with the desired design and impregnated with melamine—formaldehyde resin is placed over them. Then a clear a-ceUulose sheet, similarly impregnated with the resin, is placed on top to form a clear, protective surface over the decorative sheet. The assembly is cured under heat and pressure up to 138°C and 10 MPa (1450 psi). A similar process is used to make wall paneling, but because the surfaces need not be as resistant to abrasion and wear, laminates for wall panels are cured under lower pressure, about 2 MPa (290 psi). 

Conventional nitrocellulose lacquer finishing leads to the emission of large quantities of solvents into the atmosphere. An ingeneous approach to reducing VOC emissions is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a component of the solvent mixture (172). The critical temperature and pressure of CO2 are 31.3°C and 7.4 MPa (72.9 atm), respectively. Below that temperature and above that pressure, CO2 is a supercritical fluid. It has been found that under these conditions, the solvency properties of CO2 ate similar to aromatic hydrocarbons (see Supercritical fluids). The coating is shipped in a concentrated form, then metered with supercritical CO2 into a proportioning airless spray gun system in such a ratio as to reduce the viscosity to the level needed for proper atomization. VOC emission reductions of 50% or more are projected. 

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