Fertile materials

To determine the feasibiUty of, or need for, fertilization requires knowing (/) which of the required elements, if any, are deficient in the soil (2) what chemical forms of the deficient elements are assimilable by the plants and thus suitable as fertilizers (5) what quantity of fertilizer material is required to meet the needs of the crop and (4) whether the crop yield increase resulting from fertilizer appHcation would warrant the cost of the fertilizer production and appHcation. 

Essentially all the ammonium sulfate fertilizer used in the United States is by-product material. By-product from the acid scmbbing of coke oven gas is one source. A larger source is as by-product ammonium sulfate solution from the production of caprolactam (qv) and acrylonitrile, (qv) which are synthetic fiber intermediates. A third but lesser source is from the ammoniation of spent sulfuric acid from other processes. In the recovery of by-product crystals from each of these sources, the crystallization usually is carried out in steam-heated sa turator—crystallizers. Characteristically, crystallizer product is of a particle size about 90% finer than 16 mesh (ca 1 mm dia), which is too small for satisfactory dry blending with granular fertilizer materials. Crystals of this size are suitable, however, as a feed material to mixed fertilizer granulation plants, and this is the main fertilizer outlet for by-product ammonium sulfate. 

Monoammonium Phosphate. Monoammonium phosphate [7722-76-1] (MAP), NH4H2PO4, has become second only to diammonium phosphate as a phosphate fertilizer material of trade. During the year ended June 30, 1990, monoammonium phosphate used ia the United States furnished 985 thousand t of P2O5 as compared to 1.5 million t furnished by diammonium phosphate and 240 thousand t by triple superphosphate (Fig. 7). Monoammonium phosphate furnished 25% of total P2O5 consumption. 

World consumption of potassium salts presentiy exceeds 28 million t of K O equivalent per year. About 93% of that is for fertilizer use (see POTASSIUM compounds). The potash [17353-70-7] industry is essentially a mining and beneftciation industry. The two main fertilizer materials, KCl and K SO are produced by beneftciating ores at the mine sites. The upgraded salts then are shipped to distributors and manufacturers of mixed goods. 

Table 12. Fertilizer Materials Used in Bulk Blends...

Ma.nga.nese. Commonly used manganese fertilizer materials are manganous and manganic sulfates, chlorides, carbonates, oxides, frits, and chelates. Soil appHcation rates range from about 2 to 150 kg/hm of Mn. 

Fig. 2. Fuel for high temperature gas-cooled reactor. Fissile material is coated with carbon and siHcon carbide, fertile material with carbon. Particles mixed...

A number of products are being marketed under the trade name POLYON. These include coated basic fertilizer materials, ie, urea, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and iron sulfate, in various particle sizes. Coatings weights on urea vary from 1.5 to 15%, depending on the release duration desired. Table 6 Hsts typical products. 

Boawn L.C., Viets F.G. Jr., Crawford C.L. Plant utilization of zinc from various types of zinc compounds and fertilizer materials. Soil Sci 1957 83 219-227. 

One excretory organic product of particular interest and importance, discovered on islands off the coast of Peru by Alexander von Humboldt in 1802, was guano. He studied this product, which became a widely exploited fertilizer material that was transported and sold around the world [11],... 

A low-fertility soil improver such as leaf mold can be incorporated as the bed is dug initially. This deep cultivation is useful where the soil is compacted. It results in a deep, fertile zone with an open, free-draining structure into which roots can easily penetrate. Medium- to high-fertility materials, if required, should only be mixed into the top 6-8 in (15-20 cm). Increases in yield are noticeable and plants cope better in drought. Make the edging at least 6 in (15 cm) high as the soil level will rise considerably. 

Figure 21.1 Major fertilizer materials. (Source Kline Company, Inc.)...

Under Continuous Process of Graining. There is no continuous graining carried on at this time and certainly none in the United States for the preparation of fertilizer materials. 

Any fertilizer materials are minerals and have certain hardness values and therefore cause wear. Other plant nutrient salts or chemicals, particularly in the presence of moisture, will additionally produce corrosion. It is apt in this context to know some details of the scratch hardness of minerals which cause wear and abrasion, and this is normally measured in terms of Mohs scale [8]. 

Nitrogen fertilizer material Feed hot melt and recycle... 

FERTILE MATERIAL. Material lhat is not in itself fissionable, but that, in a nuclear reactor, may be transformed into fissionable material through a nuclear transformation e.g. ... 

---